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Internal Combustion Engine Operation and Parts: A Comprehensive Guide

This chapter provides an explanation of the principles of internal combustion engine operation, identification of engine parts, and an overview of various engine classifications. Topics covered include the operation of simple reciprocating engines, four-stroke engine operation, compression ratio, cylinder arrangement, camshafts, cylinder block construction, short and long blocks, engine displacement, valve arrangement, combustion chamber designs, direction of crankshaft rotation, firing order, companion cylinders, engine cooling, and spark and compression ignition.

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Internal Combustion Engine Operation and Parts: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. Chapter 1 Engine Operation

  2. Objectives • Explain principals of internal combustion engine operation • Identify internal combustion engine parts by name • Explain various engine classification

  3. Simple Reciprocating Engine • Cylinder • Piston • Connecting rod • Crankshaft

  4. Simple Reciprocating Engine

  5. Four Stroke Engine Operation • Intake stroke • Compression stroke • Power stroke • Exhaust stroke

  6. Four Stroke Engine Operation

  7. Compression Ratio • Comparison of volume at BDC and at TDC • If compression ratio is 8:1 • Mixture is compressed to one-eighth its original volume • If compression ratio is 12:1 • Mixture is compressed to one-twelfth its original volume

  8. Compression Ratio

  9. Cylinder Arrangement • Up to eight or more cylinders (3,4,5,6,8) • Arranged inline • V style or opposed

  10. Cylinder Arrangement

  11. Camshafts • Control the rate at which engine breathes • Located in either block or cylinder head • Driven by crankshaft using gears, chain, or belt • Turn one-half speed of crankshaft

  12. Camshafts

  13. Cylinder Block • Includes oil galleries and water jackets • Can be constructed from cast iron or aluminum • Cast around a sand or foam mold called a core • In lost foam casting (LFC) the form is “lost” or burned during the pour • Made of expendable polystyrene beads (styrofoam) • V type blocks are cast in two rows • Called banks

  14. Short and Long Block • Short blocks • Crankshaft, pistons, rods, camshaft, and cam drive components • Long block • Short block plus cylinder heads

  15. Short and Long Block • Oil pan, flywheel, harmonic balancer and timing chain cover may be mounted on both the short and long block

  16. Engine Displacement • Engines classified by their displacement • Displacement is total volume pistons displace in cylinders • Formula to determine displacement • Bore² × Stroke × .7854 × Number of cylinders

  17. Engine Displacement

  18. Valve Arrangement • Modern engines use and overhead valve (OHV) arrangement known as I-head or valve-in-head

  19. Combustion Chamber Designs • Primary designs • Hemi, wedge, pent-roof, stratified charge • Combustion chamber • Area in cylinder head into which air-fuel mixture is compressed

  20. Combustion Chamber Designs • Turbulent and nonturbulent designs • Turbulent • Wedge • Nonturbulent • Hemi

  21. Combustion Chamber Designs

  22. Direction of Crankshaft Rotation • Front of engine is side opposite the transmission • Longitudinally mounted engines turn clockwise when viewed from the front • Transverse mounted engines also follow this standard • Although a few engines (ie Honda) rotate in the opposite direction

  23. Firing Order • Sequence in which cylinders fire • Firing order typically does not follow cylinder numbering • An example of a v8 firing order • 18436572

  24. Firing Order

  25. Companion Cylinders • Engine with even number of cylinders will have companion cylinders • Pair of pistons go up and down together • One cylinder on compression stroke while other is on exhaust stroke

  26. Engine Cooling • Use both air cooling and liquid cooling • As engine temperature rises • Amount of NOx (oxides of nitrogen) rises • Liquid cooled engines have water jackets to cool areas around cylinders • Coolant is moved through system by water pump

  27. Engine Cooling

  28. Engine Cooling • Coolant mixture • 50% coolant and 50% water • Dissimilar metals found in engine can cause electrolysis in coolant • Causes corrosion and deterioration of metals

  29. Spark and Compression Ignition • Conventional spark ignition systems • Spark plug to ignite air-fuel mixture • Diesel engines • Compression of engine to ignite air-fuel mixture

  30. Spark and Compression Ignition

  31. Two Stroke Cycle • Outboards, chainsaws, motorcycles • Power stroke every revolution in crankshaft • Oil must be mixed with gasoline • Lubricates lower engine bearings

  32. Two Stroke Cycle

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