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Bone marrow derived stem cells in normal physiology and in cancer. An introduction

Bone marrow derived stem cells in normal physiology and in cancer. An introduction. Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Endothelial-Progenitor-Cell Colony Counts. Hill, J. M. et al. NEJM 2003;348:593-600.

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Bone marrow derived stem cells in normal physiology and in cancer. An introduction

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  1. Bone marrow derived stem cells in normal physiology and in cancer. An introduction

  2. Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Endothelial-Progenitor-Cell Colony Counts Hill, J. M. et al. NEJM 2003;348:593-600

  3. Survival analyzed for cardiovascular death compared to levels of CD34+, KDR+, circulating endothelial progenitor cells Werner N, Kosiol S. et al. NEJM 2005;353:999-1007

  4. Intra-coronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction. The BOOST randomised controlled trial. 60 patients randomized 1:1 Given approximately 9x106 CD34+ cells via injection in coronary artery Wollert KC, Meyer GP, et al. Lancet 2004; 364: 141-148

  5. Intra-coronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction. The BOOST randomised controlled trial. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, et al. Lancet 2004; 364: 141-148

  6. Intra-coronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction. The BOOST randomised controlled trial. 4 of 5 outcome measure indicators showed no change. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, et al. Lancet 2004; 364: 141-148

  7. REVIVAL2: Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for patients with acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, controlled trial. 114 patients randomized 1:1 Given G-CSF + standard care 10 fold increase in circulating endothelial cells after 1 week Zohlnhoefer D, Ott I, et al. JAMA 2006; 295: 1003-1010

  8. REVIVAL2: Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for patients with acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, controlled trial. Zohlnhoefer D, Ott I, et al. JAMA 2006; 295: 1003-1010

  9. Stem cells and differentiation in the hematopoietic lineage Zipori D. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 719-726

  10. “Stem state: Plasticity is essential, … self renewal and hierarchy are optional.” Zipori D. Stem Cells 2005; 23: 719-726

  11. Transplanted bone marrow generates new neurons in human brains Mezey, Vogelsang, et al. PNAS 2003; 100: 1364-1369 Autopsy material was studied from 4 female patients who had bone marrow transplant from male donors for leukemia and died months to years after the transplant. Each 6 micron section of brain was stained with 3 immunofluorescent reagents marking Y chromosome, neural differentiation, and cell nucleus.

  12. Mezey, Vogelsang, et al. PNAS 2003; 100: 1364-1369 A 6-µm-thin section from somatosensory cortex of patient 2 demonstrates the presence of the Y chromosome depicted as red dots and viewed through a rhodamine filter. The immunostaining for the neuronal marker NeuN in green (B), and the UV filter shows all cell nuclei in blue after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, a chromosomal stain (C). (D) The overlay of the three filters, where arrows point to cells that carry all markers, indicating that they derived from the donor bone marrow (Y chromosome positive) and bear the specific neuronal marker NeuN. Arrowheads point at nonneuronal donor-derived cells. (Scale bars, 10 µm.)

  13. Liver from bone marrow in humans Theise ND, Krause DS, et al. Hepatology 2000; 32: 11 - 16 Liver biopsies of male recipients of liver transplants from female donors Slides examined and photographed with IHC to identify hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, then restained with FISH to identify X and Y chromosomes

  14. Liver from bone marrow in humans Theise ND, Krause DS, et al. Hepatology 2000; 32: 11 - 16 Immuno for CK 8, 18, 19 Red = X chromosome Turquoise = Y chromosome Blue is DAPI

  15. Liver from bone marrow in humans Theise ND, Krause DS, et al. Hepatology 2000; 32: 11 - 16 Immuno for CK 8, 18, 19 Red = X chromosome Turquoise = Y chromosome Blue is DAPI

  16. Increased chimerism of bronchial and alveolar epithelium in human lung allografts undergoing chronic injury Kleeberger W, Versmold A, et al. Am J Path 2003; 162: 1487 - 1494 Laser-capture microdissected samples of tissue from transplanted lung in gender-mismatched cases. PCR used to quantitate X and Y chromosome to measure % chimerism.

  17. Transplanted lung with chronic inflammation and squamous metaplasia Transplanted lung with normal bronchial glands Recipient genotype by short tandem repeat PCR Donor and recipient genotype detected Lesser degree of chimerism Kleeberger W, Versmold A, et al. Am J Path 2003; 162: 1487 - 1494

  18. Progenitor cells from bone marrow can migrate into blood vessels, liver, myocardium, and brain. BMDC’s can differentiate and incorporate at site of implantation. This process is more extensive if there is chronic inflammation at the site. Homing and implantation may be controlled by expression of specific integrins and may require the the stimulus of VEGF. This physiologic process has not yet been used therapeutically.

  19. Biofluorescence in Aequorea victoria

  20. Fluorescent proteins from Aequorea and Anthozoa do not require cofactors or ATP Intrinsic luminescence is 1,000 fold greater than luciferin Verkuosha, Lukyanov. Nature Biotechnology 2004; 22: 289-296

  21. Fluorescent proteins can be transfected into a wide variety of tissues and organisms with genetic control of expression. Verkuosha, Lukyanov. Nature Biotechnology 2004; 22: 289-296

  22. A metastasis in lung composed of cells from 2 different clones of fibrosarcoma Hoffman, R. Nature Reviews Cancer 2005; 5: 796-806

  23. Id mouse model of CEP cells in tumor angiogenesis Id protein deficient mice are resistant to the growth of transplanted tumors Susceptibility returns with transplantation of normal bone marrow or VEGF-mobilized circulating endothelial precursor cells Lyden D, Hattori K, et al. Nature Medicine 2001; 7: 1194-1201

  24. Id mouse model of CEP cells in tumor angiogenesis Lyden D, Hattori K, et al. Nature Medicine 2001; 7: 1194-1201

  25. Id mouse model of CEP cells in tumor angiogenesis Transplanted LacZ+ bone marrow cells forming a blood vessel in a tumor in an Id1+/-Id3-/- mouse Lyden D, Hattori K, et al. Nature Medicine 2001; 7: 1194-1201

  26. Id mouse model of CEP cells in tumor angiogenesis The effect of transplanting Id- animal with normal bone marrow is blocked if treated with antibody against VEGF receptor. Lyden D, Hattori K, et al. Nature Medicine 2001; 7: 1194-1201

  27. Id mouse model of CEP cells in tumor angiogenesis Tumor growth requires participation of endothelial precursor cells mobilized from the bone marrow by VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) Lyden D, Hattori K, et al. Nature Medicine 2001; 7: 1194-1201

  28. Homing of bone-marrow derived cells in tumor angiogenesis Sections of N202 breast cancer growing in a nu/nu mouse with injected with GFP+, CD34+ bone marrow cells Jin, Aiyer, et al. J Clin Invest Mar 2006; 116: 652-662

  29. Homing of bone-marrow derived cells in tumor angiogenesis In this system, homing of bone marrow cells depends on expression of 41 integrin (VLA-4). The bone marrow-derived cells differentiate into endothelial cells within the growing tumor. Jin, Aiyer, et al. J Clin Invest Mar 2006; 116: 652-662

  30. Homing of bone marrow-derived precursors cells before tumor metastasis Kaplan R N, Lyden D, et al. Nature Dec 2005; 438: 820-827

  31. Homing of bone marrow-derived precursors cells before tumor metastasis Lung following bone marrow transplant, before injection of melanoma cells Lung day 14 after injection of melanoma cells Kaplan R N, Lyden D, et al. Nature Dec 2005; 438: 820-827

  32. Homing of bone marrow-derived precursors cells before tumor metastasis Lung day 18 after injection of melanoma cells Lung day 23 after injection of melanoma cells Kaplan R N, Lyden D, et al. Nature Dec 2005; 438: 820-827

  33. Radiation Bone marrow transplant with male donor, female recipient C57BL/6 ROSA26 eGFP Cells express GFP and non-mammalian beta-galactosidase

  34. C57BL/6 mouse transplanted with GFP+, -gal+ bone marrow or wild-type marrow Infected with Helicobacter Gastric muscosa assayed for GFP, beta-galactosidase

  35. Immunohistochemical stain for beta-galactosidase in in dysplastic gastric glands with chronic Helicobacter infection. In C note beta-galactosidase in cytoplasm of adipocyte. Li, Houghton, et al. W. J. Gastroenterology. 2006; 12(3): 363-371

  36. Li, Houghton, et al. W. J. Gastroenterology. 2006; 12(3): 363-371

  37. ROSA26,eGFP marrow Wild-type marrow Gastric glands with intra-epithelial neoplasia with immunofluorescence for cytokeratin (green) and beta-galactosidase (red). Houghton, Stoicov, et al. Science. 2004; 306: 1568-71

  38. Tumor cells in gastric carcinoma (black nuclei) with Y chromosome by FISH (green) in cells with cytokeratin immunofluorescence (red). Houghton, Stoicov, et al. Science. 2004; 306: 1568-71

  39. » Stem cells exist in the normal bone marrow that can engraft in endothelial, mesenchymal, and epithelial tissues. » The cytokine and integrin signals that control mobilization, tissue homing, engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation are not fully known.

  40. » Engraftment of normal tissues by bone marrow derived stem cells may be permissive or required for tumor metastasis. » Sites of engraftment following chronic inflammation may be vulnerable to malignant transformation. » Tumors in solid tumors may arise in stem cells in tissue derived from bone marrow.

  41. Thank you. James.Strauss@usoncology.com

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