16 th Amendment

1. 16th Amendment • Gave Congress the power to levy an income tax. • Allowed government to raise more revenue from wealthy people’s incomes and less from tariffs that hurt the working poor.

2. 17th Amendment • Provides for the direct election of senators. • By taking the election of senators out of the hands of the legislature, voters were able to play a more direct role in the government.

3. 18th Amendment • Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquor • Americans could not make, sell, or import liquor. It was later repealed in 1933.

4. Goals of the Reform Minded People • Who were the Reformers? • Socialist • Union Members • Municipal (City) Reformers • Types of people • Professionals • College educated • Well to do

5. Socialist’s Goal • To distribute wealth more equally • To end capitalism • To nationalize the industries

6. Union Member’s Goals • To improve hours and wages • To improve working conditions

7. Municipal Reformer’s Goal • To end influence of political bosses • To establish honest cost efficient government • To exercise home rule • Cities would get more power for self governing

8. All 3 Groups worked for progress regarding their concerns so we call them the PROGRESSIVES • Progressives Goals • Increase government regulations of economic activity • Regulate prices

9. To develop social welfare programs Unemployment Worker’s compensation To protect workers in the workplaces Safety Child labor Several different methods were used to achieve these goals Investigate issues of concern Publicize results Newspapers, magazines Put pressure on legislatures to get laws passed Progressives’ Goals cont.

10. Lincoln Steffens Exposed political corruption in St. Louis Ida Tarbell Wrote about the abuses taken by Standard Oil Trust (Will study more later) Florence Kelly Worked for women, children, and families Investigated labor conditions Helped pass laws against child labor and long work hours Use “White List” Progressive Reformers

11. Progressive Reformer Critics • Muckrakers • Given the name by Theodore Roosevelt • Used to describe writers of the era who “earned their livelihood by telling scandalous falsehoods about honest men”.

12. Progressive Legislation • Local Changes • Registering voters • Improved city services • Established public health programs • Enforced tenement codes • Gain control over public utilities • Established public parks, bath houses, etc.

13. Progressive Legislation • State Changes • New York Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire prompts change • Robert LaFollette • Battling Bob • Introduced direct primary: an election in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections. Gave voting control to the public

14. State Changes cont. • Workers’ accident insurance and compensation system • Improve unsafe working conditions • Set wages for women and children • Abolish child labor for those under 14 and restrict work hours for women

15. Referendum The placing of a measure up to the voters for approval or acceptance Initiative Voters use petitions to gather support and force the placement of a measure on the ballot for voters. Recall Put into place to counteract misdoings of politicians. Voters can circulate a petition to have a re-election so that they may remove a politician from office. Governor Gray Davis (CA) State Voting Changes

16. Progressive Legislation • Federal Changes • Regulation of big business, commerce, preservation of the environment, and social change. • United Mine Workers Strike 1902 • Theodore Roosevelt intervenes • Arbitration: a process in which an impartial third party decided on a legally binding solution, • Judge Judy • Known as the Square Deal

17. Federal Changes Cont. • Regulate railroads, foods, & drugs • Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) • Meat Inspection Act • Requires accurate labeling, strict sanitary conditions, rating system for meat • Anti-Trust action suits • T. Roosevelt broke up 42 monopolies including: beef trust, Standard Oil, and American Tobacco Company

18. Minorities Fight for Change • Several minority groups worked for reform in this era. • Chinese Americans • Formed neighborhoods to help prevent discrimination from white Americans • Had worked on the railroads and in gold mines • Majority of immigrants were on the west coast

19. Native Americans Attempted to adopt beliefs and practices of the larger American society in order to gain citizenship. Wanted to slow down the allotment process and allow people to remain on the reservations. Mexican Americans Wanted to cross the border into the United States to work for higher wages Moved to area that were previously part of Mexico Worked in factories and in agriculture Minorities Fight for Change

20. Minorities Fight for Change • African American • NAACP • Founded by W.E.B.Dubois in 1909 • Worked to bring racial inequality to the attention of white America • Wanted to stop racial riots against African Americans

21. Ida B. Wells Bartlett Worked to bring attention to the lynchings in the South Est. 1200 African Americans were lynched between 1882-1892 Very few were ever prosecuted for the crime Booker T. Washington Founded several African American universities and colleges Tuskagee Institute which focused on training young black men in agriculture and trades Read pages 573-575 Minorities Fight for Change

22. Plessy v. Ferguson • Supreme Court upheld many Jim Crow laws • 1896 Homer Plessy argued that his right to equal protection of the laws had been violated when a Louisiana Law required separate seating on public railroads. • Court held that segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal. • Separate but equal was in itself a contradiction and very difficult to attain. • Across the south Jim Crow is legalized

23. Women in the Progressive Era • Women begin to break through barriers from the past. • Women earn property rights for married women • Access to higher education • Women’s colleges filled to capacity • Many state colleges become co-ed

24. Political bosses worried that women would clean up politics. Businessmen/Voters disagreed with women on many issues including child labor laws. Many felt women belonged at home taking care of the family. Many Americans both men and women felt it would demoralize men and their role in life. Women in the Progressive Era

25. Women in the Progressive Era • National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony • Established the right to vote in 1890 in WY • Carrie Chapman Catt becomes president in 1900. • Over 1 million supporters • Used speeches and campaigns to gain support • Some people felt these methods took too long

26. Women in the Progressive Era • National Women’s Party (NWP) • Established by Alice Paul in 1913 to break away from NAWSA • More aggressive in their tactics • Hunger strikes • Protests (picketing) • Rallies and parades • Civil disobedience • Several members arrested

27. Women in the Progressive Era • In 1920, the 19th amendment was officially passed giving women the right to vote. • Both organizations continue to work for women’s rights and encourage women to educate themselves, vote and support reform.