“Europeanisation” of Industrial Relations ? OMNES Workshop 25 April 2006 _ Amsterdam

1. “Europeanisation” of Industrial Relations ? OMNES Workshop 25 April 2006 _ Amsterdam christian.welz@eurofound.eu.int European Foundation www.eurofound.eu.int

2. Outline I. Introduction II. Actors III. Processes IV. Outcomes V. Discussion

3. I. Introduction Industrial relations R.Hyman: "study of processes of control over work relations”

4. System of Industrial Relations inputs outputs environment political legal economic societal actors employers trade unions governments processes collective bargaining participation industrial action settlement of disputes outcomes collective agreements labour legislation outputs > impacts > inputs pay, working time, productivity, employment, job security, labour peace…

5. II. Actors

6. Levels of collective bargaining (wages) Government Trade Unions Intersectoral level Employers Intersectoral level BelgiumDenmark 1 Finland Ireland Austria Denmark 2 Germany Greece Italy Luxembourg 1 Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Sectoral level Sectoral level Company level Company level FranceLuxembourg 2 UK

7. Levels of collective bargaining (wages) Government Trade Unions Intersectoral level Employers Intersectoral level Slovenia Sectoral level Sectoral level Cyprus Slovakia Czech Rep. Estonia HungaryLatvia Lithuania Malta Poland Company level Company level

8. Evolution of European Industrial Relations Amsterdam Maastricht Treaty ofRome ECSC Nice SEA Art.48/119 Standing Employment Committee • • • Val Duchesse • 1st EMF conference • 1st company agreement • 1st draft

9. 85: Val Duchesse I + II 87: Palais d’Egmont 89: ibid. 92: ibid. 93: ibid. 94: CEC 95: Florence 96: Dublin Castle 97: The Hague 97: Palais d’Egmont II 98: Val Duchesse III 00: CEC 01: Stockholm 02: Laeken 02: Barcelona …… 23 and 24 March 06 Brussels Intersectoral level: social dialogue summits

10. Sectoral level: sectoral social dialogue committees (SSDC) AgricultureEFFAT / GEOPA–COPA Air transportECE; ETF / ACI Europe; AEA; ERA; IACA Banking UNI–Europa / EACB; ESBG; FBE; Cleaning UNI–Europa / EFCI Commerce UNI–Europa / EUROCOMMERCE Construction EFBWW/ FIEC Culture EEA / PEARLE Electricity EMCEF; EPSU / EURELECTRIC Footwear ETUF–TCL / CEC Furniture EFBWW / UEA HORECA/Tourism EFFAT / HOTREC Inland waterways ETF / ESO/OEB; UINF Insurance UNI–Europa / ACME; BIPAR; CEA Mining EMCEF / APEP; CECSO Personal services (hairdressing) UNI–Europa / CIC Europe Postal services UNI–Europa / POSTEUROP Private security UNI–Europa / CoESS Railways ETF / CER Road transport ETF / IRU Sea fishing ETF / EUROPECHE/COGECA Sea transport ETF / ECSA Sugar EFFAT / CEFS Tanning/leather ETUF–TCL / COTANCE Telecommunications UNI–Europa / ETNO Temporary work UNI–Europa / Eurociett Textiles/clothing ETUF–TCL / EURATEX WoodEFBWW / CEI–Bois TOTAL 31

11. EWC directive (94/45/EC) 2169 companies covered 737 companies with EWC 1432 companies without an EWC 60 % of workers covered Company level: European Works Councils

12. 25 established: Allianz AG (Germany) EMPIT Structured Financial Services SE (Netherlands), Bolagsstiftarna International SE (Sweden), Strabag Bauholding SE (Austria), Media Corner SE (Belgium), Galleria di base del Brennero BBT SE (Austria) , Schering-Plough Clinical Trials SE (UK), Go East Invest SE (Germany), Afschrift SE (Belgium) , Graphisoft SE (Hungary) , Alfred Berg SE (ABN Amro) (Sweden)), Elcoteq SE (Finland), Sunshine-Invest SE (Belgium) , Atrium Erste Europäische VV SE (Germany), SE TradeCom Finanzinvest (Austria), MatMar SE (Austria), Plansee SE , (Austria), Startplattan 39001 SE (Sweden), Startplattan 39002 SE (Sweden), EBD European Business Development SE (Germany), Europäische Gesellschaft (SE) - Erwerb und Verwaltung von Vermögen (Germany), Investimenti Belgium SE, Minos 2005/01 Vermögensverwaltungs SE (Germany), Tetra Laval Capital SE (Luxembourg), Tetra Laval Finance Treasury SE (Luxembourg) Company level: European Companies (SE)

13. EC EU tripartism ETUC UNICE-UEAPME CEEP European Social Dialogue SSDCs EWCs SEs Europeanisation of actors

14. III. Processes: a) Social dialogue under articles 138, 139 EC Social partners as European co-legislators

15. Social dialogue under article 138 EC: process Article 138 Commission Social Partners consultation on possible direction proposal in the social policy field if Community actionis desirable opinion consultation on the content of the envisaged proposal where appropriate, Commission follow-up opinion or recommendation negotiation nine months, unless extended where appropriate, Commission follow-up failure agreement Source: European Commission 2000: 12

16. Social dialogue under article 139 EC: implementation Agreement implementation • Voluntary: • according to the national practices of the social partners • “weak agreements” • Legislative: • submitted to the Commission • Commission makes proposal • Council decision • = extension erga omnes • no EP involvement • “strong agreements” Source: European Foundation 2002

17. Agreements implemented in accordance with article 139 EC Agreements implemented by Council decision [Implemented by Council decision, monitored by the Commission] 1. Framework agreement on parental leave, 1995 2. Framework agreement on part-time work, 1997 3. Framework agreement on fixed-term work, 1999 4. European agreement on the organisation of working time of seafarers, 1998 5. European agreement on the organisation of working time of mobile workers in civil aviation, 2000 6. European agreement on certain aspects of the working conditions of mobile workers assigned to interoperable cross-border services, 2004 Autonomous agreements implemented by the procedures and practices specific to management and labour and the Member States [Implementation and monitoring by the social partners] 1. European agreement on working time in the agricultural sector, 1997 2. Framework agreement on telework, 2002 3. Framework agreement on work-related, stress, 2004 4. Agreement on the European licence for drivers carrying out a cross-border interoperability service, 2004

19. III. Processes: b) OMC Social partners and European “soft law”

20. Open method of co-ordination • The method involves: • fixing EU guidelines, combined with timetables for achieving the goals in the short/medium/long-term. • translating these guidelines into national and regional policies, by setting targets and adopting measures, taking into account national and regional differences. • establishing quantitative and qualitative indicators and benchmarks, tailored to the needs of different MS and sectors  comparing best practices. • periodic monitoring, evaluation and peer review, organised  as mutual learning processes.

21. Open method of co-ordination • already applied in: • employment policy, social inclusion, pensions • to be extended to: • health, long-term care, pensions, • other policy areas: • research, information society, education and training, structural/economic reform, enterprise policy • as follow up to voluntary agreements/new generation texts: • telework, stress/framework of action life-long learning • Industrial relations in general ???

22. IV. Outcomes: facts and figures Convergence vs. divergence

23. Trade Union density (%) in the EU Quelle : EIRO 2002

24. Coverage of collective agreements in EU in % Quelle: EIRO 2002

25. Collective bargaining coverage in % Source: EIRO 2002-2004

26. Europeanisation of working time ?(average collectively agreed working time in 2003) Quelle:EIRO 2004

27. Europeanisation of working time ? Net yearly working time in EU 25 in 2003 Quelle:EIRO 2004

28. Average monthly wages in industry/services in € Source: eurostat: statistics in focus- theme 3 – 23/2002

29. Number of working days lost/1000 Workers in Selected Countries

30. V. …for further discussion Europeanisation of industrial relations? actors  + processes  + outcomes  + / - -