1 / 50

Types Of Hardware & Software

Types Of Hardware & Software. Prof. Sujata Rao Session 2. Types of Computer. Grid Computer Super Computer Mainframes Mini Computer Microcomputer Terminal Embedded Computer. Super Grids. Made by universities and the military

axel
Download Presentation

Types Of Hardware & Software

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Types Of Hardware & Software Prof. Sujata Rao Session 2

  2. Types of Computer • Grid Computer • Super Computer • Mainframes • Mini Computer • Microcomputer • Terminal Embedded Computer

  3. Super Grids • Made by universities and the military • Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors • other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.

  4. Super Computer CDC 6600 designed by Seymour Cray (First commercially successful supercomputer-speed of 9 megaflops)

  5. Supercomputers Cray Research-CRAY I vector architecture (designed by Seymour Cray, shaped the computer industry for years to come), Cray 1 - 1976 (courtesy Cray Inc.)

  6. Thinking Machines The Connection Machine, as this model is called, contains 64,000 CPUs

  7. Players in the supercomputing arena • Few players in the supercomputing arena: • Cray • Dell • HP • IBM • NEC • SGI • Sun

  8. Companies • IBM 3090 VPF.Evans • Sutherland ES-1, • Fujitsu VP-400E, • NSFnet established Apollo, Ardent, and Stellar Graphics Supercomputers, • Hitachi S-820/80, Hypercube simulation on a LAN at ORNL,CRAY Y-MP, • Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web project at CERN • Seymour Cray: Founds Cray Computer Corp.-Begins CRAY 3 using gallium arsenide chips • Bell Labs - Optical Processors • Intell - Paralell Processors

  9. Mainframe • Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer. • The name comes from the way the machine is build up • All units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the main computer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe

  10. Mainframes Eniac (1946) Mark I mainframe (1950's) BINAC(1960's)

  11. Early Mainframes

  12. Colossus - Vacuum tube computer Colossus - The British vacuum tube computer

  13. ENIAC Eniac (electronic numerical integrator and calculator ) • thirty separate units, • plus power supply and forced-air cooling, • weighed over thirty tons. • It had 19,000 vacuum tubes, • 1,500 relays, • hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors which consumed almost 200 kilowatts of electrical power.

  14. Mark I -1944 1st stored-program digital computer.

  15. MARK - II 1947 Harvard Mark II (Magnetic Drum Storage )

  16. Whirlwind

  17. Univac I - 1950

  18. The UNIVAC - 1950 • processed each digit serially. • But its much higher design speed permitted it to add two ten-digit numbers at a rate of almost 100,000 additions per second Internally. • It was the first mass-produced computer. • The central complex of the UNIVAC was about the size of a one-car garage: 14 feet by 8 feet by 8.5 feet high.

  19. The UNIVAC - 1950 • The vacuum tubes generated an enormous amount of heat, so a high capacity chilled water and blower air conditioning system was required to cool the unit. • The complete system had • 5200 vacuum tubes, • weighed 29,000 pounds, • and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power.

  20. IBM 704 - 1955 • It was the first large-scale commercially available computer system to employ fully automatic floating point arithmetic commands. • It was a large-scale, electronic digital computer used for solving • complex scientific, engineering and business problems • was the firstIBM machine to use FORTRAN. The 704 and the 705 were the first commercial machines with core memories.

  21. IBM 705 • Developed primarily to handle business data, • it could multiply numbers as large as one billion at a rate of over 400 per second. • The 705 was credited with "Forty thousand or twenty thousand characters of high-speed magnetic core storage;” • Any one of the characters in magnetic core storage can be located or transferred in 17 millionths of a second; • Any one of these characters was individually addressable.

  22. IBM 701 -

  23. The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine was IBM's first commercially available scientific computer and the first IBM machine in which • programs were stored in an internal- addressable electronic memory. • It was the first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series mainframe computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709.

  24. Configuration of the IBM 700 Series • two tape units (each with two tape drives), • a magnetic drum memory unit, • a cathode-ray tube storage unit, • an L-shaped arithmetic and control unit with an operator's panel, • a card reader, • a printer, • a card punch and three power units. • The 701 could perform more than 16,000 addition or subtraction operations a second, • read 12,500 digits a second from tape, print 180 letters or numbers a second, and output 400 digits a second from punched-cards.

  25. IBM 650

  26. 2nd Generation Computer • The IBM 1401 is called the Model T of the computer business, because it is the first mass-produced digital, all-transistorized, business computer that was afforded by many businesses worldwide. • The basic 1401 was about 5 feet high and 3 feet across. • It comes with 4,096 characters of memory( 4KB) • The memory is 6-bit (plus 1 parity bit) CORE memory,

  27. 2nd Generation Computer console

  28. made out of little metal donuts strung on a wire mesh at IBM factories. • The 1401 has an optional Storage Expansion Unit which expanded the core storage to an amazing 16K. • The 1401 processing unit can perform 193,300 additions of eight-digit numbers in one minute. • The monthly rental for a 1401 is $2,500 and up, depending on the configuration. • In the mid-1960s, more than 10,000 system were in the market and by 1971 IBM started withdrawing these system .

  29. operating system which occupied about 8K of the 1107's 32K of memory. • The machine was intended to support true multiprogramming: • sharing CPU time among several batch runs.

  30. Manufacturers • Amdahl, • Burroughs, • CDC • Cray, • Fujitsu, • Hitachi, • Hewlett Packard, • IBM, • Intel, • NEC, • SGI, • Sun, • Texas Instruments, • Thinking Machines • Univac

  31. Main frame Configuration • A mainframe has 1 to 16 CPU's (modern machines more) • Memory ranges from 128 Mb over 8 Gigabyte on line RAM • Its processing power ranges from 80 over 550 Mips • It has often different cabinets for • Storage • I/O • RAM

  32. Features of the Mainframe • Separate processes (program) for • task management • program management • job management • serialization • catalogs • inter address space • communication

  33. Features Contd… • centralized computing opposite from distributed computing. Meaning all computing takes (physically) place on the mainframe itself: the processor section . • main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes.

  34. IBM 4381 mainframe processor from 1985

  35. Third Generation Computer

  36. Features • IBM 360, Burroughs B5000 , HP, CDC, GE • It used a hardware-managed stack for calculation • Extensive use of descriptors for data access. • First computer to include virtual memory • Supported multiprogramming and multiprocessing. • First GE Time-sharing operation • Virtual memory capabilities - increased speed 3 times

  37. Current Main Frame

  38. Fourth Generation

  39. First Generation • 1940 - 1952 • Operating Speed - very slow • No O/s • Limited Programming Capabilities • Very Large in Size – difficult to maintain : • Used Vaccum tubes : generated lot of heat • Not very economical :Short life span

  40. Second Generation • 1952 - 1964 • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes • Reduced heat since transistors very small in size and required little power • Increased reliability & speed • Cost reduced

  41. Third Generation • 1964 - 1971 • Advancement in semiconductor technology resulted in Integrated circuits. • Less human labour at assembly stage • Reliability increased • Processing speed increased, • Arithmetic capability increased • Improved means of instruction • Ability to perform parallel operations

  42. Fourth Generation • 1971 onwards • Usage of Large-Scale_Integrated Circuits • Very small in size, portability was easy • User Interface increased • Network Technology introduced – LAN • Commercial computing & online application introduced • Hardware cost and Maintenance was affordable

  43. Fifth Generation • Processor used VLIW- Very Long Instruction Word • Graphic Interface • Wireless Technology introduced • MAN, WAN technology • Size reduced drastically • Supported Two & three tier architecture • COST reduced • Reliability increased with storage & communication technology advancement

  44. Software • System Software • System Management Program • Ex: O/s, Telecommunication Routines • System Support Program • Ex: System Utilities, Security Softwares • System Development program • Programming Languages, Editor Programs, Compilers • Application Software • Software which facilitates business operations & Management decision making • Ex: Payroll, Inventory, Sales/Marketing, Production Planning

  45. Software • Application Software • General Purpose • WORD, EXCELL, POWERPOINT, ORACLE, MSSQL, ACCESS, • Application Specific • FOXPRO, VB, ABAP, ASP • Network Software • Software Synchronizing communication between computers linked in a network • LAN software • Internet Software

  46. Programming Languages Generation • Stored Program Concept - John Von Neumann • EDVAC - First digital computer to have internal programming capacity. • Programs stored in the memory enabled the computer to perform wide range of task. • Sequential & intermittently. • First Generation - No O/s • Program Instructions were done using Machine Language o Assembly Language which was machine dependent.

  47. Programming Languages • Mnemonic Codes: Assembly level Language • FORTRAN : Formula Translation - 1956 • Pascal : Named after Blaise Pascal • COBOL : Common Business Oriented Language - 1960 • BASIC : Beginers All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code • C : 1972 Dennis Ritchie

  48. Program Development Tools • APT ( Automatically Programmed Tool) used for developing numerical controls of Industrial machine tools • GPSS ( General Purpose Simulation System) used for constructing Simulation Models • LISP ( List processing ) used to manipulate Symbols & List in artificial Intelligence. • 4GLs - FOCUS, SQL, dBase, Foxbase • C++ & Small Talk - OOL

  49. Terminologies • Source Program • Object Program • Executable program • Compiler • Translator • ISAM • Line Editors • Page Editors

  50. End of Lesson 4

More Related