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Computer Hardware Types of Memory

Computer Hardware Types of Memory. While the CPU has a small amount of memory on the microprocessor, most of the computer’s memory is located on the motherboard. Main Memory. Registers. RAM. Input Devices. Output Devices. Processing Unit. Control Unit. Memory Controller. ROM. ALU.

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Computer Hardware Types of Memory

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  1. Computer Hardware Types of Memory

  2. While the CPU has a small amount of memory on the microprocessor, most of the computer’s memory is located on the motherboard Main Memory

  3. Registers RAM Input Devices Output Devices Processing Unit Control Unit Memory Controller ROM ALU Auxiliary Storage The Hardware Diagram Where does memory fit into the hardware diagram? Processing Unit

  4. Registers Registers are a small amount of high speed memory built onto the CPU core • The original Pentium (1993) CPU had 32 registers-each was 8 bytes in size • The Pentium 4 (IA-64 core) has 128 integer and 128 floating-point registers plus 64 special function registers. This is a Pentium 4 core Registers

  5. Internal Cache Cache memory is a scheme to store needed data close to the CPU Cache is used to pre-fetch data and program instructions from main memory • Level 1 cache (pronounced “cash”) is built into the CPU core • It is also called primary cache or internal cache • Early processors had 32 KB of L1 cache • 512 KB is now common Level 1 cache on a Pentium 4

  6. External Cache • External cache is often called level 2 (or level 3) cache • It is situated on the motherboard close to the CPU • It is made of expensive, high-speed memory External cache serves as a stepping-stone between the CPU and RAM L2 cache CPU

  7. RAM • Random Access Memory is the largest part of main memory • RAM is volatile(contents are destroyed when the power is eliminated) • Called “Random Access” because an unit (byte) of memory can be accessed directly without having to search sequentially through memory to find it • RAM ICs are housed on small circuit boards called DIMMs or Dual In-line Memory Modules • DIMMs are installed into slots on the motherboard

  8. ROM • Read-Only Memory stores system programs and data permanently • The contents of ROM remain unchanged when the power is turned off • The contents of ROM are “burned-in” at the factory and cannot be changed • Special types of ROM can be programmed (PROM) or erased (EEPROM) • Flash ROM can be reprogrammed quickly without removing it from the circuit board

  9. BIOS • The bootstrap program contains the code that starts the computer during a “cold-boot” • One of these functions is the POST or Power On Self Test • “ROM BIOS” ICs are built on the motherboard The Basic Input-Output System is a type of ROM that holds the computer’s bootstrap program

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