11AP Grammar Intensive Unit

1. 11AP Grammar Intensive Unit Parts of Speech/Functions Phrase Types

2. Parts of Speech • Nouns: Person, Place, Thing • Functions: Subject, Predicate Nominative, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object Complement, Object of Preposition, Appositive,Adjective, Adverb

3. Parts of Speech • Pronouns: Replace Nouns • Functions: All the same as nouns! • Personal: he, she, we • Possessive: his, hers, theirs (CAN BE ADJECTIVES) • Reflexive/Intensive: myself, himself, yourself • Relative: that, which, who, whom, whose • Interrogative: who, whom, which, that, whose • Demonstrative: this, that, these, those • Indefinite: everyone, all, both, one

4. Parts of Speech • Pronouns: Who vs. Whom • Who is always referring to a subject of a verb in a clause • Who went to the circus? • Whom is always referring to an object of a verb in a clause • You may go with whomever you choose.

5. Parts of Speech • Pronouns: Who vs. Whom • Who vs. Whom – The he/him test • Try restating your clause as statement or answer. If you can substitute “he,” use who. If you substitute “him,” use whom. • Who went to the circus? He went to the circus • Corie knows who made the cake. He made the cake. • For whom did you vote? I voted for him. • You may go with whomever you choose. I choose him.

6. Parts of Speech • Verbs: express action or state of being • Types: • Linking – describes state or condition, links to Subject Complement (Pred Nom or PredAdj) • Helping – used with main verb • Action – Transitive or Intransitive

7. Parts of Speech • Verbs: Transitive vs. Intransitive • Action Transitive – takes a direct object • The rain pelted the windows. • My cousin boughta car. • Action Intransitive – no object necessary • The rain fell. • My cousin drove. • Some are one, some are both • The chorus sang patriotic songs. (trans) • The chorus sang. (intrans)

8. Parts of Speech • Adjectives: modify noun/pronoun • Functions: Which one? What kind? How many? How much? • Placement: • Before • I placed the arduous task in the hands of a capable student. • After • The hikers, tired and hungry, straggled into camp • Predicate Adjective • Deborah is practical.

9. Parts of Speech • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs • Functions: Where? When? In what way? To what extent? • Usage: • Modify Verb • She reads quickly. (in what way) • She reads early and late. (when) • She reads thoroughly. (to what extent) • Modify Adjective • She is an awfully intense competitor • We have a very difficult week ahead of us.

10. Parts of Speech • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs • Functions: Where? When? In what way? To what extent? • Usage: • Modify Another Adverb • She skated incredibly well at the Olympics. • For Emphasis: really, actually, truly, indeed • She can actually fly over the ice • She is a really good skater. • Nouns as Adverb • My parents left yesterday. • They will return Saturday.

11. Parts of Speech • Preposition: show relationships of nouns/pronouns to other parts • Examples: in, on, above, beside, past, upon, with, by, etc. • Prepositional Phrases: • The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. • Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. • The two [of us] edited the article [for the magazine].

12. Parts of Speech • Conjunction: joins words/groups • Types: Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating • Coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet • Correlative: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or

13. Parts of Speech • Conjunction: joins words/groups • Types: Coordinating, Correlative, or Subordinating • Subordinate: use to begin subordinate clauses • Ex: after, although, before, because, unless, where, while, than, since, though • This computer is even better [than we had anticipated]. • The sun had already set [when we reached the Grand Canyon]. • [If the price is right], I will buy your bicycle. • [Since you can’t help me], I will do it myself • Note: many of these can also be used as prepositions, adverbs, or relative pronouns

14. Functions • Subject • A noun or pronoun • The person or thing “acting” in a sentence • The baby cried. • Dogs and cats make excellent pets.

15. Functions • Subject Complement - Predicate Nominative • Always a noun or pronoun (Nom = noun) • Always used with a Linking Verb • The linking verb links the noun in the subject to the descriptive noun in the predicate • My grandfatheris afarmer. • Mr. Richards is the mayor. • The flag became a national symbol. • The lead actresswasReese Witherspoon. • Youare the one who called me.

16. Functions • Subject Complement - Predicate Adjective • Always an adjective • Always used with a Linking Verb • The linking verb links the noun in the subject to the descriptive adjective in the predicate • His stewtasteddelicious. • The catiscrazy! • The gardener grewmore tired. • Mywhole family felt very satisfied. • Areyoufrustratedwith my attitude?

17. Functions • Direct Object • Always a noun • Used with a TRANSITIVE action verb • Sentence usually doesn’t make sense without the D.O • The rainpeltedthe windows. • My cousinbought a car. • Alice capturedacrazy cat. • Sam left hisjob last Tuesday. • Madeline brought Sam a bouquetof roses.

18. Functions • Indirect Object • Always a noun • Used only with and to further modify a Direct Object • You can usually take an I.O. out and still have a sensible sentence! • The salesman soldthe company new computers. • My cousin bought mea car. • Madeline brought Sama bouquetof flowers. • The teacher gave the students extra credit.

19. Functions • Object Complement • Could be a noun, pronoun or adjective • Directly modifies a direct object • America recently elected Barack Obama president. • The police caught the thief stealing. • My aunt calls my uncle ‘sweetheart.’ • We all consider her unworthy.

20. Functions • Object of Preposition • Always a noun/pronoun • Used within a prepositional phrase • Mike bought flowers [for Andrea]. • The first speaker [on the program] is my mother. • Her cousin will teach [in San Diego] next year. • The two [of us] edited the article [for the magazine].

21. Functions • Other Functions of Nouns • Adjectives – noun phrase modifiers • The child actor won an award. • Adjectives - Possessive modifiers • The librarians' report was informative. • Adverbs • We decided to go home. • Today the children woke up early.

22. Phrases – Prepositional • A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun • [at the post office] [to school] • The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition • Don’t be misled by a modifier coming after the noun/pronoun

23. Phrases - Appositive • Appositive: a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it • Appositive phrase: an appositive and its modifiers • Appos: Your friend [Ramla] called after you left. • Appos. Phrase: Jesse Sheng, [the vice president of the bank], sent me a card.

24. Phrases – Participial • Participle: A verb form that can be used as an adjective – present and past • Present: ends in –ing • Past: usually end in –ed or –d • The pacing lion made me nervous. • The hunted animal camouflaged itself.

25. Phrases - Participial • Participial Phrase: A phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it may have • [Removing his coat], Jack rushed to the river. • [Hesitating for a moment], he quickly grasped the situation. • High school graduates [replying to a college questionnaire about their courses] often mention freshman English as the course [giving them the most trouble].

26. Phrases - Gerund • Gerund: A verb form that is used as a noun • Ends in –ing • Gerund phrase: consists of a gerund and all of the related words • [Studying] always makes Trevor hungry. • My favorite pastime is [sailing]. • Ada made [reading] a top priority. • [Waiting on tables] is a good way to earn money in the summer.

27. TRICK! • How to tell if it’s a gerund or a participle Try replacing the word/phrase with “it” or “this”… if it works, it’s a gerund!

28. Phrases - Infinitive • A verb form used with the word “to” • Ex. To watch, to buy, to eat • Infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and any complements or modifiers • I like [to go biking] on a Sunday afternoon. • [To eat pickles] is a completely disgusting experience. • Note: “to” can also start a prepositional phrase, so be careful! If the “to” is followed by a noun, it’s a prepositional; if it’s followed by a verb, it’s an infinitve!

29. The End