1.6 Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way?

1. 1.6 Do all areas suffer from tectonic hazards in the same way? Part B

2. How effective are these measures? The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

3. What factors will affect the vulnerability of places to tectonic hazards? Other factors that affect the level of damage caused can be grouped under two criteria. Factors concerning the affected area Factors concerning the tectonic hazards

4. What factors will affect the vulnerability of places to tectonic hazards? Most people were still in bed ( Less / More ) developed countries ( Less / More ) developed countries Country’s level of economic development Why is the earthquake in Iran more destructive?

5. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 1 Economic development LDC MDC MDC LDC Which countries are less ready to cope with tectonic hazards? Do they belong to more developed countries or less developed countries? capital Less developed countries lack ________ and ____________ to cope with tectonic hazards. technology

6. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 1 Economic development Why do LDCs suffer more if they lack capital? Less developed countries (LDCs) Lack capital (money) Difficult to Conduct research Develop warning systems Improve rescue equipment Result Governments cannot afford rescue work No warning beforehand

7. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 1 Economic development Less developed country More developed country Which transport network is unfavourable for carrying out rescue work after hazards? In less developed countries, the transport network is often poorly developed, rescue work is ( hindered / efficient ).

8. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 2 Strength of buildings Less developed country More developed country Many buildings in less developed countries are built by _______, ______ or ______. This explains the heavy casualties in the Iran earthquake. stones bricks wood Many buildings in more developed countries are built by ________ and steel. Which kind of buildings can withstand strong earthquakes or fires? concrete (Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

9. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 3 Population density The population density is usually ( lower / higher ) in cities in less developed countries. Cities of less developed countries When hazards strike, the death toll is usually higher. Source: Demographia

10. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 4 People’s awareness People are less prepared for hazards since they have strong __________ values and are ignorant; traditional they receive little education. Rural people often know little about tectonic hazards (Credit: Ng Kim Hung)

11. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? 5 Government efficiency Corruption is common in most less developed areas. Many resources for relief may not reach the refugees.

12. What makes less developed countries suffer more than more developed countries? Use these factors to conclude the reasons why less developed countries suffer more from the tectonic hazards. Economic development Strength of buildings Population density People’s awareness Government efficiency

13. Increase people’s awareness of hazards through: Business people Reduce possible hazards through land-use planning What can less developed countries do with limited resources? Cooperate with other countries through: Education Attracting foreign investment to improve the economy Inviting specialists from technology-advanced countries to share knowledge and give advice Propaganda Park Hazard-proof buildings Joining international research bodies which study hazards Sending officers overseas to learn about forecasting and warning systems

15. How effective are these measures? The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? It depends on the inputs of capital and technology. • Poor countries usually cannot afford these systems • Not everyone has access to a radio in the rural areas of poor countries Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

16. How effective are these measures? The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? Their effectiveness depends on the resources of capital and technology. • In countries where corruption is common, the building laws are not effectively enforced • Housing built by inferior materials may have a low resistance Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

17. How effective are these measures? • The effectiveness of land use planning rests on how accurate we identify the high risk areas. • A wrong decision will leave more lives and property in the path of destruction The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? Park Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

18. How effective are these measures? The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? • It is effective to reduce losses when most people are able to get prepared before hazards, and protect themselves during and after hazards. • However, people intend to forget unhappy experiences or hazards that happened long ago Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

19. How effective are these measures? The five major measures have been adopted by many hazard-prone countries. Are they effective in all these countries? In less developed countries, rescues are always delayed by buried roads, collapsed communication systems, corrupt management or even political barriers Monitoring and warning systems Land use planning Hazard-resistant structures Education and drilling Well-trained and well-equipped rescue teams

20. Factors concerning the affected area Population density of the area The ( lower / higher ) the population density, the more people exposed to the hazard Level of economic development More economic infrastructure means a ( smaller / greater ) amount of valuable property and structural networks will be destroyed The weather after the hazard occurs Extreme weather such as a bitter cold and burning sun can raise the death toll in areas where shelter and shade are insufficient Low-lying areas are more vulnerable to tsunamis. Steep slopes create fast lava flows after volcanic eruptions and more landslides after earthquakes Relief of land Narrow inlets of ( shallow / deep ) water favour the development of great tsunamis Coastal relief

21. Factors concerning the tectonic hazards If the game cannot work properly, click here to download the latest Adobe Flash Player. Drag the factors concerning the tectonic hazards on the left to the appropriate boxes below the graphs.

22. Factors concerning the tectonic hazards The path through which the hazard ‘travels’ There will be ( less / more ) destruction if the area is not directly hit by the hazard. Time of the occurrence Destruction will be greater when people are not able to run away. At midnight At rush hours