World History

1. World History Common Exam Preparation and Review

2. Common Exam • Two Parts- Timed • No Substitute for Preparation • 40 Minutes- Multiple Choice • Answer Every Question • No Pattern • Look for Key Vocabulary and Clues • 40 Minutes- Constructed Response • Answer Every Question • Provide specific examples/answers to the questions

3. Key Terminology • “American Dream” is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the aspiration of Americans to live better than their parents did. The American Dream is a concept that builds the aspirations of Americans to live better than their parents upon the traditional social ideals of the US, such as equality, democracy, and material prosperity. • Chronological thinking refers to the way that historians make sense of events by placing them in their order of occurrence in time. • Economic issues are matters, which directly or indirectly affect the distribution of intellectual and material resources in a society. • Founding Principles - The constitutional values and principles held by Americans that provide the foundation for American attitudes regarding political life. These principles have influenced the development and maintenance of American constitutional democracy. • Global interaction refers to the development of international systems of exchange that result in networks of trade and communications and cultural and political exchange. • Historical evidence is primary artifacts used to support a historical point of view or perspective.

4. Philosophical theories are the theories and ideas that shaped the development of intellectual philosophies and spanned many popular political, social and economic debates. The point of a theory is to explain observations, which in turn seek to explain the world or society in which we live. • Political issues are matters, which directly or indirectly affect a system involving government and its politics and are considered to be problems and controversies related to power and authority. • Principles of American Constitutional Democracy – Popular sovereignty and constitutional government. Constitutional government includes rule of law representative institutions, separated and shared powers, checks and balances, individual rights, separation of church and state, federalism, and civilian control of the military. • Public interest - The public interest refers to the welfare of the general public (in contrast to the selfish interest of a person, group, or firm) in which the whole society has a stake and which warrants recognition, promotion, and protection by the government and its agencies. • Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both.

5. Historical interpretation occurs when a certain historical event is described from different points of views. When this is done in first-person, it is sometimes referred to as living history. • Historical narrative is an account, report or story of events or experiences that is based on factual evidence from the past. • Historical perspective - describing the past on its own terms, through the eyes and experiences of those who were there, as revealed through their literature, diaries, letters, debates, arts, artifacts, etc. • Literal meaning refers to the meaning of a passage, text, etc. as the original author would have intended and what the original hearers/readers would have understood. • Multiple causation is the mutual effect by many different forces to cause a particular action or occurrence. • National identity is the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture, traditions, language, and politics.

6. Ancient Civilizations Concepts- Civilization, Achievement, Growth, Influence, Trade, Innovation, Class

7. 2.1 Geographic Issues Geographic Issues Ancient Civilizations Nile Indus Valley Yellow River Tigris-Euphrates Mediterranean Sea • Flooding • Fertile Crescent • Early River Valley Civilizations • Natural Barriers

9. Networks Spread of Civilization Phoenicians Minoans Mycenaean Persians • Trade • Technology • Communication • Nomadic vs. Settled Groups

10. 2.2 Governments Types of Government Influence Religion Interaction Values and Beliefs Culture Diversity Examples: Greece, Rome, India and China • Theocracy • Democracy • Oligarchy • Tyranny • Aristocracy

11. 2.3 Law Codes Codes Understandings Acceptable Behavior Unity of Society Written Law Centralized Power Leads to Democracy in Greece • Hammurabi • One of first written law codes • Draco • Codified law in Athens- Draconian • Justinian • Roman Emperor law code- Natural law and Civil law • Theodosius • Published laws in the eastern half of the Roman Empire • Christian law

13. 2.4 Rise of Empires Empires Understandings Conquest Cultural Exchange Religion Culture Economic and Political Influence Silk Roads Decline Internal and External Reasons Legacies Pyramids Art Literature Technology Monetary System Architecture Irrigation Math Military Religion • Mongol • Mughal • Ottoman • Ming • Mesoamerican • Inca

15. 2.5 Growth of Religion Religions Understandings Geopolitical Expansion Christianity and the Roman Empire Buddhism and the Han Dynasty Islam Religious Toleration Monotheism Polytheism Constantinople Tenets of various religions • Buddhism • Christianity • Confucianism • Hinduism • Islam • Judaism • Shintoism

16. 2.6 Interaction between Islamic World, Europe and Asia Terms Understandings Interaction between Islamic world and Medieval Europe Factors leading to the Renaissance • Trade • Technology • Innovation • Scientific Thought • Art

18. 2.7 Decline and Development of Major Empires Empires Understandings Territorial Conflicts Tension and Conflict Commercial and Agricultural Improvements Trade Routes Exchange of Ideas Urbanization Transportation Communication Balance of Power • Ghana • Mali • Songhai • Greece • Rome • China • Mughal • Mongol • Mesoamerica • Inca

19. 2.8 Social Conditions Terms Understanding Social Hierarchy Religion and Economic Factors Limited Diversity Limited Social Mobility • Social Classes • Castes • Slavery

20. Medieval Civilizations Concepts: Power, Authority, Government, Innovation, Conflict

21. 3.1 Religion Influences Culture Empires Understandings Religion often unites people and groups politically and culturally Complete religious authority can lead to absolute power Medieval Early Middle Ages Middle Ages High Middle Ages Feudalism and Manor System Medieval Popes No Unity in Germany Blended Greco-Roman, Germanic and Christian traditions Causes and Outcomes of the Crusades Expansion of Empires Power of The Church • Carolingian Dynasty • Holy Roman Empire • Ottoman Empire • Mughal Empire • Safavid Empire

23. 3.2 Religious and Secular Struggles Struggles Understandings Conflict = Change Struggle can lead to Nation-States Religious Conflict led to Economic, Political and Social changes in Europe Monarchs vs. Popes and royal authority Lay-Investiture Magna Carta Nation-States • Cluniac Reforms • Common Law • Magna Carta • Conflict between Popes and Emperors • Religious Schisms • Hundred Years War

24. 3.3 Agriculture, Trade and Business Medieval Changes Understandings Innovation and Technology Population Shift Urbanization Revival of Trade Bill of Exchange Emergence of Middle Class Bourgeoisie does not fit in Medieval System • Feudalism • Agricultural Revolution • Commercial revolution • Banking System • Manorial System • Growth of Towns

26. 3.4 Farmable Land and Physical Environments Conflicts Understandings Slash and Burn Agriculture Step Terraces Feudal Lords Chinampas Two Field to Three Field Systems Enclosure Movement • Agricultural Revolution • Muslim Agricultural Revolution • Meso-American and Andean Agricultural Innovations

27. First Age of Global Interaction Concepts: Reform, Exploration, Improvement

28. 4.1 Classical Learning and Religious Reform Global Interaction Understandings Quest for Knowledge and lead to Global interaction Innovations of Asian and Islamic Civilizations as well as Greco-Roman Culture foundation of Renaissance Renaissance Art Reformation and European Politics Geographic location of Italian City-States Reformation and Religious Reform Printing Revolution and the Reformation • Renaissance • Protestant Reformation • Catholic Revolution • Printing Revolution

30. 4.2 Centralized Nation-States and Empires Reasons Understandings National Monarchies of the High Middle Ages England- Parliamentary Monarchy France- Absolutism Germany and Italy- Failure of Monarchy Protestant and Catholic Reformations Treaty of Westphalia Glorious Revolution English Bill of Rights English Civil War Louis XIV Peter the Great Catherine the Great Catholic vs. Protestant • Political, Economic and Social Reasons for Rise of Nation-States • Reformation • Absolutism • Limited Monarchies • Empires

32. 4.3 Agriculture and Technological Improvements Transformations Understanding New Markets Urbanization Migration Specialization of Labor Diet Change Standard of Living Communication, Transportation. New Energy • Growth of Towns • Creation of Guilds • Commercialization

33. 4.4 Global Trade Interactions Understandings Marco Polo Desire for Resources and Markets Movement and Interaction of People Desire for Wealth Colonization Trade Competition Spread of Christianity Trade Routes Affect of Crusades on European Exploration Conquest of Asia, Africa and the Americas Genghis Kahn Unification of Mongol Empire 1200’s Black Death Spread of Disease • Europe • Southwest Asia • America • Africa • Mercantilism • Inflation • Capitalism

35. Age of Exploration and Expansion Concepts: Exploration, Expansion, Colonization

36. 5.1 Motivation for Exploration Motivations and Global Interaction Understandings Imperialism Portuguese and Spanish Innovations Scientific Revolution Sea Route to Asia Conflict between Europeans and Native Americans Columbian Exchange African Slave Trade • Religious and Political Motives • Adventure • Economic Investment • Columbian Exchange • Commercial Revolution • Conquistadors • Aztecs • Incas • Triangular Trade • Middle Passage • Plantations

38. 5.2 Cause and Effects of Exploration and Expansion Causes Effects Imprint of Culture and Religion on Settlements Shift in the Balance of Economic and Political Power Technological Innovations in Shipbuilding, Navigation and Naval Warfare Printing Press Compass Cannonry European Domination of the Globe Migration of Europeans to the Americas Deaths of Millions of Africans and native Americans • Technological Innovations • Acquisition of Colonial Possessions and Trading Privileges • Africa • Asia • Americas

40. 5.3 Colonization Desire Consequences Commercial Revolution Columbian Exchange Religious Conversion Spread of Christianity Conquistadors Encomienda System Mixing of Populations Enslavement of Indigenous Population Increase of Wealth for Industry Conflict Between Industrialized Nations • Resources and Markets

41. 5.4 Role of Investment Global Exploration Implications Financial Risks Economic Revolutions New Business Methods 16th – 18th Century • Transatlantic Trade • Mercantilism • Joint-Stock Companies • Trading Companies • Corporations • Government and Monarchial Funding

42. Age of Revolution and Rebellion Concepts: Revolution, Conflict, Industrialism, Power, Change

43. 6.1 New Ideas and Theories Terms People Bacon Descartes Galileo Newton Locke Montesquieu Rousseau Bolivar Jefferson Paine Adam Smith • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment • Rationalism • Secularism • Humanism • Tolerance • Empiricism • Natural Rights • Contractual Government • Laissez-Faire Economics • Inductive and deductive Reasoning • Heliocentric • Geocentric • Inquisition • Popular Sovereignty

45. 6.2 Political Revolutions Revolutions Impacts Conflict Compromise Enlightenment Independence • Glorious Revolution • American Revolution • French Revolution • Russian Revolution

46. 6.3 Industrialism and the Environment • Agricultural Revolution • Geographic Factors • Technological Innovations • Deforestation • Pollution • Urbanization • Mining

47. 6.4 Industrialization and Urbanization Social and Economic Reform Understandings Specialization of Labor and Efficiency New Wealth Middle Class Labor Unions Socialism Marxism French Revolution • Urbanization • Growth of Middle Class • Economic Status • Labor Organizations

48. National, Regional and Ethic Conflicts Concepts: Turning Point, Competition, Nationalism, Imperialism, Conflict, War, Power, Change

49. 7.2 Economic and Military Competition • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism • Industrialization • Ottoman Empire • Japanese Empire • Prussian Empire • German Empire • Otto Von Bismarck • Italy • Hapsburg Rulers • Russian Empire • Revolution of 1905 • America • Markets • Resources