Legal Action in De-segregation

1. Legal Action in De-segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson: an 1896 case which the supreme court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine • Did not make anything equal • African-American civilians lived noticeably worse than whites

2. Thurgood Marshall and NAACP • Thurgood Marshall was an NAACP lawyer • Won major legal milestones for African-Americans - Plessy v. Ferguson - Morgan v. Virginia • Brown v. Board of Ed.: Marshall’s most stunning victory - 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that “Separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional • Allowed de-segregation of schools throughout U.S. • Elected to be the face of the NAACP

3. Montgomery Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks • Rosa Parks - seamstress and NAACP officer • Refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white man • Example of nonviolent protest • Refusal to ride bus hurt company • Eventually lead to de-segregation of buses

4. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Chosen to be the leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association • Civil Rights Activist • Famous “I have a Dream” Speech

5. SCLC and SNCC • MLK and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) teamed up for the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Was a success • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC):organization that coordinated sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement • Worked with MLK to de-segregate the United States completely

6. Key terms • Freedom Riders • In the early 1960’s during the civil rights movement, many freedom riders protested against segregation. They rode through very racist sections of the south such as New Orleans and Anniston, Alabama. The non-violent protests of the freedom riders often turned to chaos and violence.

8. Key Terms • James Meredith • In September of 1962, James Meredith won a court case that allowed him to enroll at Ole Miss. However, Governor Ross Barnett would not allow it to happen. JFK responded to Barnet by sending federal marshals to the campus to help James Meredith. This resulted in riots in Mississippi and Ole Miss

10. Key Terms • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • • On July 2, 1964, President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, origin, and gender. It also gave all citizens the right to enter any public accommodation.

11. Key Terms • Freedom Summer • Freedom Summer, which was led by the SNCC, was a project in 1964 to register African American voters in Mississippi. 4 workers of the Freedom Summer were murdered by the KKK with the support of the local police. Freedom Summer suffered 4 dead, 4 critically wounded, and 80 beaten but Congress still did not pass a voting rights act and the Freedom Summer ended as a failure.

12. Key Terms • Fannie Lou Hamer • Fannie Lou Hamer registered to vote in 1963 and her family was severely beaten and her family was evicted from their farm. Fannie Lou spoke at for the MFDP at the Democratic National Convention and attracted lots of media support. • Robert Mosus • Robert Moses, a former NYC school teacher quit his job to join the SNCC, led the voter project in Mississippi

13. Key Terms • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level. This was a result of the Selma Campaign.

14. Key Events • 1961-The Freedom Rides • 1962-James Meredith enrolls at Ole Miss • 1963-The March on Washington • 1964-Freedom Summer • 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964 • 1965-Selma Campaign • 1965-Voting Rights Act of 1965

16. Segregation Challenges De facto segregation- Segregation that exist through custom and social actions. De jure segregation- Segregation that exist through laws that can more easily be debated or changed. Segregation was more than just a legal problem at this point in the movement. Activists had to adjust their methods.

17. Race Riots Many African Americans were upset with the inequality they were faced with during the civil rights movement. This led to riots and even property damage in the cities.

18. Leaders of the Movement Malcolm x Muslim follower Believed whites were the reason for the horrible lives that blacks had. He started with an aggressive approach until he later made a trip to mecca (the journey every Muslim must take one day) and changed his view on civil rights. He did not accept inequality but rather too an approach he would refer to as: Ballot or the Bullet

19. Black power begins to rise Stokely Carmichael Stokely was the leader of SNCC until multiple arrest led him to take a more radical approach to civil rights. This would be known as Black power. Many activists were against black power because it gave everyone a bad reputation. It was also a cause for the black panthers( a radical civil rights group) to start up in the urban areas.

20. Advancements made Civil Rights act of 1968 This biggest advancement made in this time period was the Civil Rights Acts of 1968. Also known as the Fair Housing Act it made it illegal to discriminate anyone buying a house or renting. You could not defer them based on race, color, religion, or origin. This was a huge step in the right direction for civil rights activists, yet de facto segregation and injustice still took place.

21. Vietnamese independence • French control Vietnam until after WWII • Ho Chi Minh leads Vietminh against French • Vietnamese win independence after battle of Dien Bien Phuin 1954 • Become communist nation Ho Chi Minh http://thelostraveler.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/ho_chi_minh___vietnam_by_kowap-d2xriv1.jpg

22. US Intervention • Ngo Dinh Diem- president south Vietnam • Geneva Accords – divides Vietnam at 17th parallel • Cancelled national election in 1956 • US supports coup of Diem government • Diem executed (against wishes of Kennedy) Diem http://daotao.vtv.vn/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ngo-dinh-diem.jpg

23. Vietcong • Vietcong- Communist group in South Vietnam • Attacked Diem government and assassinated thousands of government officials • Used Ho Chi Minh trail to get war supplies from North Vietnam http://www.victorymilsimevents.com/uploads/1/0/9/7/10978678/5302042_orig.jpg

24. Tonkin Gulf Incident • LBJ says that North Vietnamese torpedo ships attacked US destroyer • North Vietnam claims that US destroyer was preparing for a naval attack • Johnson launches bombing attacks on North Vietnam http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MaddoxTonkin1.svg/250px-MaddoxTonkin1.svg.png

25. Tonkin Gulf Resolution • LBJ asks congress for power to use military • House votes 414-0 in favor of military action • Senate votes 88-2 in favor of military action • Resolution was NOT a declaration of war • Gave LBJ broad military powers in Vietnam https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-9QZqh67YhV0/TWwCIAumbrI/AAAAAAAADn4/7t0RqOBOaWg/s1600/The+Vietnam+War+in+picture+03.jpg

26. Election of 1964 • Johnson vs. Goldwater • Johnson wins, applies containment policy • Goldwater was viewed as too conservative • Johnson says he opposes sending troops to Vietnam • Appoints Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense and Dean Rusk as Secretary of State

27. Escalation • Johnson orders troops to Vietnam, contradicting his campaign • Soon, about 180,000 ground troops were in Vietnam • Americans supported Johnson’s decision • Dean Rusk and Robert McNamara also support sending troops

28. William Westmoreland • General William Westmoreland was appointed commander in South Vietnam • Not impressed with South Vietnamese Army • Westmoreland requests more troops • Troops reach 500,000 by 1967

29. A War in the Jungle • U.S, find it difficult to fight the Vietcong strategy • Vietnam turns into a war of attrition • U.S. begin using chemicals such as Agent Orange and napalm to make the fighting easier • Search and destroy missions were also organized • American morale begins to drop, soldiers turn to drugs and alcohol • The South Vietnamese government was not improving

30. The Early War at Home • The great society suffers from the ongoing war • Inflation highly increases • Tax increase • Vietnam becomes America's first "living room war" • As a result, a credibility gap was growing between what was reported and what was actually happening • War protests start to form

31. http://shujahonors10.wikispaces.com/Living+Room+War

32. The End of the War and It’s Legacy~Chapter 35-5~ By Michael Wegner

33. President Nixon and Vietnamization • Nixon became president in 1969 • Strategy: Vietnamization. • Plan to pull out US troops and transfer the war effort to South Vietnam • In 3 Years, numbers of US troops would dwindle from over 500,000 to under 25,000

34. “Peace with Honor” • Idea: Maintain US dignity in the face of withdraw. • Attempt to retain US clout at the negotiation table with North Vietnam. • Secret Bombing Campaign in Laos and Cambodia to destroy N. Vietnam supply lines

35. Trouble at Home • Division • Country very divided regarding was effort • Credibility Gap: Government could not be trusted • Silent Majority • Supported the war effort in silence • My Lai Massacre • US platoon under Lieutenant Calley killed more than 100 innocent S. Vietnam civilians • US citizens question the morality of the war

36. Trouble (Cont.) • Invasion of Cambodia angers college students • Kent State and Jackson State protesters are shot and 6 total are killed. • The Pentagon Papers- reveal government dishonesty regarding the war effort. • “Peace is at Hand” – Henry Kissenger negotiates with N. Vietnam. After the Christmas bombings on N. Vietnam, USA pulls out.

37. The Fall of Saigon and the War’s Legacy • N. Vietnam invades and defeats S. Vietnam on April 30, 1975. President Ford would not send military aid. • Legacy – 58,000 Americans killed, 1.5 N. Vietnamese killed. • Vets treated coldly • Instability in Southeast Asia. Khmer Rouge terrorizes Cambodia. • War Powers Act limits presidential power. He must inform congress within 48 hours if troops are deployed wo/ a declaration of war, and the troops can stay for no longer than 90 days unless congress approves.