A new model for cataloguing

1. A new model for cataloguing Ana Barbarić, Assistant Professor University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Information Sciences IP LibCMASS Sofia 2011 Contract № 2011-ERA-IP-7 Sofia, 04.-17. September, 2011

2. FRBR is a conceptual model • In 1998, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) published Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report • The FRBR model was developed based on an entity-relationships analysis that is commonly used for the conceptual design of relation databases • Entities, attributes, relationships

3. FRBR is a conceptual model (2) • FRBR uses entity-relationship analysis to “provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating the data that are recorded in bibliographic records to the needs of the users of those records” (p. 7)

4. Methodology • Entity-relationship (E-R) models • Define entities • List their attributes • Identify the relationships between the entities • Map to user tasks

5. Users in FRBR • End-users of information retrieval systems • Information workers assisting users • Information workers maintaining databases

6. FRBR User Tasks • Find entities that correspond to the search criteria • Identify an entity as being the one sought • Select an appropriate entity • Obtain access to the entity described

7. FRBR entities • Group 1: the products of intellectual or artistic endeavour that are named or described in bibliographic records: work, expression, manifestation, and item. • Group 2: entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products: personand corporate body. • Group 3: entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavour: concept, object, event, and place.

8. Group 1 Entities WORK Intellectual/Artistic is realized through is embodied in EXPRESSION Physical MANIFESTATION recursive one many is exemplified by ITEM

9. Work level • A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work • Because the notion of a work is abstract, it is difficult to define precise boundaries for the entity • The concept of what constitutes a work and where the line of demarcation lies between one work and another may in fact be viewed differently from one culture to another

10. Work level (2) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • w2 Franco Zeffirelli’s motion picture Romeo and Juliet • w3 Baz Lurhmann’s motion picture William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • ….

11. Expression level • The second entity defined in the model is expression: the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms • An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is “realized”

12. Expression level (2) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • e1 the original English text • e2 the Bulgarian translation by Valeri Petrov • e3 the Croatian translation by Milan Bogdanović • e4 the Turkish translation by Yusuf Mardin • …

13. Manifestation level • The physical embodiment of an expression of a work • The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials, including manuscripts, books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, etc. • As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form

14. Manifestation level (2) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • e1 the original English text • m1 the book published 1986 by Swan Books • m2 the book published 1998 by Applause • …

15. Manifestation level (3) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • e2 the Bulgarian translation by Valeri Petrov • m3the book published 1994 by Siluet • …

16. Manifestation level (4) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • e3 the Croatian translation by Milan Bogdanović • m4the book published 2009 by Mozaik knjiga • …

17. Manifestation level (4) • w1 William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet • e4 the Turkish translation by Yusuf Mardin • m5the book published 1996 by Remzi Kitabevi • …

18. Item level • A single exemplar of a manifestation • The entity defined as item is a concrete entity • It is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.) • There are instances, however, where the entity defined as item comprises more than one physical object (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.)

19. Task 1 • Choose a work • Searching a library catalogues etc. identify a few expressions and manifestations of a chosen work

20. All FRBR entities

21. Person • The fifth entity defined in the model is person: an individual • The entity defined as person encompasses individuals that are deceased as well as those that are living • For the purposes of FRBR study persons are treated as entities only to the extent that they are involved in the creation or realization of a work (e.g., as authors, composers, artists, editors, translators, directors, performers, etc.), or are the subject of a work (e.g., as the subject of a biographical or autobiographical work, of a history, etc.)

22. Corporate Body • The sixth entity defined in the model is corporate body: an organization or group of individuals and/or organizations acting as a unit • The entity defined as corporate body encompasses organizations and groups of individuals and/or organizations that are identified by a particular name, including occasional groups and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc.

23. Corporate Body (2) • The entity also encompasses organizations that act as territorial authorities, exercising or claiming to exercise government functions over a certain territory, such as a federation, a state, a region, a local municipality, etc. • The entity encompasses organizations and groups that are defunct as well as those that continue to operate

24. Concept • The seventh entity defined in the model is concept: an abstract notion or idea • The entity defined as concept encompasses a comprehensive range of abstractions that may be the subject of a work: fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools of thought (philosophies, religions, political ideologies, etc.), theories, processes, techniques, practices, etc. • A concept may be broad in nature or narrowly defined and precise

25. Object • The eighth entity defined in the model is object: a material thing • The entity defined as object encompasses a comprehensive range of material things that may be the subject of a work: animate and inanimate objects occurring in nature; fixed, movable, and moving objects that are the product of human creation; objects that no longer exist

26. Event • The ninth entity defined in the model is event: an action or occurrence • The entity defined as event encompasses a comprehensive range of actions and occurrences that may be the subject of a work: historical events, epochs, periods of time, etc. • For the purposes of FRBR study events are treated as entities only to the extent that they are the subject of a work (e.g., the subject of an historical treatise, of a painting, etc.)

27. Place • The tenth entity defined in the model is place: a location • The entity defined as place encompasses a comprehensive range of locations: terrestrial and extra-terrestrial; historical and contemporary; geographic features and geo-political jurisdictions

28. Manifestation level cataloguing • Library catalogues are still based on manifestation level cataloguing • There are insufficient facilities for linking together the records that belong tothe same work, and these belonging to the same expression • Data elements are widely replicated, as work and expression specific data are stored for each manifestation

29. One MARC record for all entities 001 000691716 008 090225s2009 ci a 000 ddhrv 020 |a 9789531401258 0411 |a hrv |h eng 044 |a hr 080 |a 821.111-2=163.42 |2 MRF 1998. 1001 |a Shakespeare, William workexpressionmanifestationperson

30. One MARC record for all entities (2) 24510 |a Romeo i Julija / |c William Shakespeare ; s engleskoga preveo Milan Bogdanović ; pogovor Antun Pavešković. 250 |a 2. izd. 260 |a Zagreb : |b Mozaik knjiga, |c 2009. |e (Sv. Ivan Zelina : |f Tiskara Zelina) 300 |a 184 str. ; |c 21 cm. 440 0 |a Biblioteka Klasici / Mozaik knjiga expressionmanifestation

31. One MARC record for all entities (3) 500 |a Prijevod djela: Romeo and Juliet 500 |a Portret autora 5050 |a Shakespearova tragedija o Romeu i Juliji: str. [159]-184 7600 |t Biblioteka Klasici |w (HR-ZaNSK)000279467 workexpressionmanifestation

32. Task 2 • Analyze MARC record according to FRBR entities

33. FRAD • Functional Requirements: the FR Family of Models • In 2009, IFLA published Functional Requirements for Authority Data • FRANAR – FRAR – FRAD

34. Users in FRAD • Information workers who create, maintain and use authority files directly • End-users who interact with authority data • maybe directly • but usually indirectly through controlled access points in bibliographic records

35. FRAD User Tasks • Find entities that correspond to search criteria, or explore bibliographic entities • Identify an entity as being the one sought, or validate the form of name to be used • Contextualize provide context, clarify relationships • Justify (document) the reason for choosing the name or form of name used

36. FRAD Entities • FRBR entities (group 2 entities: family) • Name by which bibliographic entities are known (in the “real” world) • Identifier assigned to those entities • Controlled access point based on those names or identifiers • These are the heart of the authority data

37. FRAD extends FRBR • All FRBR entities are part of FRAD • Attributes are derived from FRBR as well as other sources • Additional FRAD entities: • Family • Name • Identifier • Controlled access point • Rules • Agency

38. Name • A character or group of words and/or characters by which an entity is known • The basic name or term itself • As found in the “real” world

39. Identifier • A number, code, word, phrase, logo, device, etc. that is uniquely associated with an entity, and serves to differentiate that entity from other entities within the domain in which the identifier is assigned • Not only bibliographic identifiers

40. Controlled Access Point • A name, term, code, etc. under which a bibliographic or authority record or reference will be found • Includes established or authorized headingsand variant headings or references

41. Basic FRAD Model BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTITIES known by NAMES and / or IDENTIFIERS basis for CONTROLLED ACCESS POINTS

42. More FRAD Entities • Rules governing construction of a controlled access point • Agency applying the rules, and creating/modifying the controlled access point

43. FRBR and FRAD entities

44. FRSAD • In 2011, IFLA publishedFunctional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD)

45. FRSAD’s relation to FRBR

46. Relationships in the Catalogue • Provide structure • Collocation • Enables the user tasks Find and Identify • Allow navigation

47. Bibliographic Relationships • Between Group 1 entities • work-to-work (eg. supplements, adaptations, whole/part) • expressions (eg. revisions, translations) • manifestations (eg. reproductions, alternate formats)

48. Authority Relationships • Between different Persons, Families, Corporate bodies, Works • Between Names and the entities they name • Between different Controlled Access Points for the same entity

49. Impact of FRBR • Provides a unifying framework and common terminology for further studies • On ISBD • IME ICC and new Statement of International Cataloguing Principles • On cataloguing codes: AACR2 => RDA

50. Future • Consolidation of FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD