AP European History

1. AP European History Age of Religious Wars

2. #1 Decline of Spain Review The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

3. #2 Phillip II Review Son of charles v and a devout catholic, he was the habsburg ruler of spain from 1556-98. he led the spanish counter- reformation but failed to invade protestant england with his spanish armada. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

4. #3 William of Orange Review Ruler of the netherlands who led a revolt for independence against hapsburgphillip ii of spain. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

5. Charles V Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy roman emperor in 1519. he defended the habsburg lands from the ottomans and decided to split the habsburgspanish and holy roman lands between his son, phillip ii, and his brother, ferninandi.

6. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Treaty ending the thirty years war, (the protestant rebellion against the holy roman empire). France gained alsace; the netherlands and switzerland gained independence from the holy roman empire; and the german princes were given near independence from the empire.

7. Holy Roman Empire Political affiliation of germanic and central european city states and principalities to perpetuate latinchristendom. Did not include england and france. Emperors after the fourteenth century were elected by seven electors representing the clergy and important participants.

8. Separatists (Puritans) Radical protestants in england who believed henry viii did not take extreme enough measures in merely creating the anglican church. They favored “purifying” the new anglicanchurc of all similarities to the catholic church.

9. Spanish Armada Fleet of 130 ships launched by spain’s catholic phillip ii to conquer england during the time of elizabethi. england was victorious in defeating the spanish, who never again posed a decided threat against england.

10. Mary Queen of Scots Catholic relative to protestant queen elizabeth I of england. She allegedly plotted with spain’sphillip ii to overthrow elizabeth and reassert catholicism in england. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

11. Bloody Mary Oldest daughter of henry viii. Queen of england from 1553-58. known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the anglicanism in attempting to re-catholicize england. She married spain’sphillip ii.

12. Henry VIII Tudor king of england form 1509-47. established the anglican church as the official church of england when the catholic church refused to nullify his marriage. His son, edward vi, was sickly and died in 1553, leaving the throne to mary.

13. Elizabeth I Tudor queen of england. Succeeded mary I n 1558 and ruled until 1603. in addition to leading th defeat of the spanish armada and developing england into a world power, she strengthened protestantism. Daughter of henry viii.

14. Jansenism Movement within the seventeenth- century Catholic Church. Jansenism opposed the Jesuits and advocated that humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

15. Jesuits A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter- Reformation. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, these “soldier of the Counter- Reformation” were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

16. Council of Trent Council summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings did not reform the doctrines but did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

17. Index of Forbidden Books Written by Pope Paul IV as a part of the Counter- Reformation. The index forbade Catholics from reading books considered “harmful” to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas

18. Edict of Nantes Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship and brought temporary civilian peace. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots.

19. Huguenots Converts or adherents to calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants

20. The End END REVIEW