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democracy

“ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis. democracy. Government (Winston Churchill).

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democracy

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  1. “Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering ScienceDirector, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis democracy Government (Winston Churchill) except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

  2. “Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering ScienceDirector, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

  3. Carnot, the father of Thermodynamics and his Prediction in France, 1824 From: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT AND ON MACHINES FITTED TO DEVELOP THAT POWER Nature in providing us with combustibles on all sides has given us the power to produce at all times and in all places heat and the impelling power which is the result of it. To develop this power to appropriate it to our uses is the object of heat engines. The study of these engines is of the greatest interest their importance is enormous their use is continually increasing andtheyseem destined to produce a great revolution in the civilized world. It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor and be substituted for animal power, waterfalls and air currents. Over the first of these motors it has the advantage of economy over the two others the inestimableadvantage that it can be used at all times and places without interruption.

  4. Hans Rosling

  5. Hans Rosling

  6. Hans Rosling

  7. Hans Rosling

  8. Hans Rosling

  9. Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay

  10. Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay On the plus side folks, we will be landing way ahead of schedule touque.ca cartoonstock.com

  11. World Energy in 2010

  12. Worldwide energy consumption Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2008)

  13. Worldwide Electricity Generation

  14. Coal Production (Mt) International Energy Agency 2011

  15. Proposed coal-fired plants World Resources Institute (Nov. 2012)

  16. India – the Challenge

  17. Over 400 new coal fired plants are being planned for India to elevate them out of poverty…

  18. World Renewable Electricity Generation (TWh) Very Rapid Growth in Wind and Solar since 2010! By 2030 Wind: 1500 TWh Solar: 250 TWh But by 2030: total production will increase from 21,400 TWh to 33,000 TWh Wind: 4.5% Solar: <1% Energy Information Agency 2012

  19. The Moving Target World Electricity Generation International Energy Agency 2011

  20. The Carbon Dioxide Issue CO2 Emission Trends (in giga-tonnes of CO2) • Rapid increases in CO2 emissions in Asia • China is now the largest emitter of CO2 • The developing world has surpassed the OECD nations in total emissions. • Global solutions are needed to address climate change. Non-OECD OECD China United States Sources: ACI, MSHA

  21. The Four Requirements for World Energy • Secure:The energy portfolio must not lead to global conflicts • Energy distribution across borders is destabilizing • Nuclear proliferation must be avoided • Affordable: • The future cost of electricity and fuels must be similar to existing cost structure • The energy portfolio must not destabilize economies • Reliable: • Steady production, no blackouts, brownouts • Energy must be available on demand • Minimal Impact on Environment & Climate: • Control greenhouse gas emissions • Develop clean, long-term sources of energy

  22. Energy Solution: A portfolio of options Conflict-free (Avoid the have-and-have-nots of oil) Affordable Reliable Environmental Sustainable

  23. Challenges in understanding energy… Natural Gas • Natural gas in invaluable for: • Heating • Cooking • Hot water • Industrial processes • Peak power generation • And fracking has unleashed enormous reserves of natural gas, but…

  24. Using natural gas in base-load power plants is like… • Yes, it will burn, but aren’t there better uses for natural gas? • And what about: • CO2 emissions and fugitive methane emissions? • the possibility that environmental issues/earthquakes associated with fracking could rapidly curtail supply?

  25. Challenges in understanding energy, cont. • If you were offered a choice, which would you choose? Ten $100 bills or a Million Pennies? • What if… • the ten bills were scattered in this room, and • the pennies were scattered around Missouri • ENERGY DENSITY: “A Bird in Hand is worth two in the Bush”

  26. Challenges in understanding energy, cont. • Estimatehowmuch these gloves are worth • How much would you pay for them in June? • “Timing is Everything”

  27. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from coal

  28. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from solar *Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

  29. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from wind *Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

  30. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from coal

  31. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from solar *Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

  32. Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from wind *Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

  33. Mountain-Top Coal Mining Orjan F. Ellingvag / Corbis

  34. Mountain-Top Wind Plants AES Laurel Mountain consists of 61 GE 1.6 MW wind turbine generators mounted on 80-meter towers deployed along a 13-mile stretch of Laurel Mountain in West Virginia. An average of about 35 MW.

  35. My Fear… that in the name of the environment we will inadvertently do things that are ultimately devastating to the environment that we hold so dear.

  36. Coal Land Use The red dot (6 square miles) depicts the size of the area mined in the PRB each year, which supplies over 40% of America’s coal (20% of the US power) Source: ACI, Frank Clemente at Penn State

  37. The Clean Water Analogy Unfiltered Missouri River water Clean drinking water

  38. But what about Carbon Dioxide?Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Image from: http://www.martinfrost.ws/

  39. U.S. CO2 Storage Sites US: 1,800-20,000 Gt sequestration potential* 6 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007 Global: additional 8,000 Gt ** 27 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007 (* DOE CO2 Atlas, **2010 Dooley et al., 2006) (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center http://cdiac.ornl.gov)

  40. Present U.S. CO2 Sequestration Activities Currently more than 3,500 miles of CO2 pipeline in place 1. Report: DOE/NETL-402/1312/02-07-08 In perspective… CO2 stored by EOR: (natural and anthropogenic) ~ 51 MMt/yr CO2 avoided by using wind and solar for electricity instead of coal ~ 50 MMt/yr compare to

  41. Stabilization Wedge Natural Resources Defense Council

  42. solar CO2 wind O2 oxy-fuel combustor coal steam biomass turbine CO2 liquid fuels bioreactor storage Conceptual Drawing of a Future Power Plant

  43. Next Generation Technologies a b c a DOE/NETL #2010/1411 & EIA; b DOE/NETL #2010/1405; c DOE/NETL #2012/1557 Net Efficiency: • SPOC process increases the efficiency up to 6 percentage points over conventional oxy-combustion. • Efficiency higher than Current US Average.

  44. Economic Performance Summary • 2011 cost basis • CO2 purity meets specifications for enhanced oil recover (EOR) • COE does not include revenue from sale of CO2, or costs for geologic storage.

  45. Reflecting on key take home points • Nuclear - Let’s not trade one potential catastrophe for another • Natural gas - Invaluable… let’s not squander it • Solar and Wind – • Low energy density - pennies versus dollars • Timing is everything - price of gloves in summer • The developing world has mouths to feed NOW. • Energy demand is a rapidly moving target • Energy and Climate Change are global problems and will require global solutions • The are no quick, simple or proven solutions • A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including coal with CCS • Let’s stop fighting and get to work!

  46. Key Points to Keep in Mind when Riding the Energy Rollercoaster Coal delivered the promise that Carnot anticipated. Energy needs are growing rapidly, particularly in the developing country. Any replacement of existing resources has to not just replace existing capacity but also supply an enormous amount of new capacity. Coal is arguably the most geopolitically stabilizing energy source there is. If used correctly, coal can be a clean, secure, reliable source of energy for hundreds of years.

  47. Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization • Founded in January of 2009, the Consortium is dedicated to addressing the scientific and technological challenges of ensuring that coal can be used in a clean and sustainable manner. • Approach • Research projects are being supported at Washington University in collaboration with Partner Universities around the world. • State-of-the-art clean coal facilities have been established. • A motivated work force is being educated to address the challenges associated with clean utilization of coal in the 21st century. • Sponsors • Peabody Energy Arch Coal Ameren

  48. Advanced Coal & Energy Research Facility • Additional Facilities: • Drop tube furnace • 30kW lab-scale test furnace • Fuel/ash characterization ACERF: • 1 MWth capacity • Configured for oxy-combustion • Full suite of emissions monitoring

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