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Perspectives on Perspective Taking

Perspectives on Perspective Taking. Tuesday, June 22, 2010. Developing a Spirituality Inventory. Suzanne Gird Robert D. Zettle Debra Renollet Blake Webster Britania Latronica. In the beginning…. McDaniel & Zettle (2006) Analysis of relationship among:

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Perspectives on Perspective Taking

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  1. Perspectives on Perspective Taking Tuesday, June 22, 2010

  2. Developing a Spirituality Inventory Suzanne Gird Robert D. Zettle Debra Renollet Blake Webster Britania Latronica

  3. In the beginning… • McDaniel & Zettle (2006) • Analysis of relationship among: • Experiential avoidance (AAQ-I; Hayes, et al., 2004) • Happiness (OHQ; Hills & Argyle, 2002) • Spirituality (SOI; Elkins, Hedstrom, Hughes, Leaf, & Saunders, 1988) • Findings: • AAQ and OHQ significantly correlated • OHQ and SOI significantly correlated • AAQ and SOI did not correlate

  4. Spirituality Orientation Inventory • SOI comprises nine subscales: • Transcendent Dimension • Meaning and Purpose • Mission in Life • Sacredness of Life • Material Values • Altruism • Idealism • Awareness of the Tragic • Fruits of Spirituality

  5. Further investigation • Five items from “tragic” subscale • Added items from other scales • 13 item scale • Compared to DUREL (Koenig, Meador, & Parkerson, 1997) • Six item inventory • Cronbach’s α = .69

  6. Items • While one should not over do it or become morbid, I think it is good for us to be aware of pain, suffering, and death. • I am a better person today because of life experiences which at the time were very painful. • It seems pain and suffering are often necessary to make us examine and re-orient our lives. • Answers can be found when one truly searches for the meaning and purpose of one's life. • One can find meaning even in suffering, pain, and death. • As a result of life difficulties, I have developed a deep, positive belief in humanity.

  7. Does not correlate with social desirability • Analysis of relationship among: • Spirituality • Psychological flexibility (AAQ-II; Bond, et al.) • Life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffen, 1985) • Does spirituality contribute to life satisfaction independent of psychological flexibility?

  8. Participants

  9. Measures: AAQ-II

  10. Measures: SWLS

  11. Measures: Spirituality

  12. Results

  13. Conclusions • Good preliminary brief measure of spirituality • Independent of religiosity • Independent of social desirability • Correlates with psychological flexibility • Predictor of life satisfaction over and above psychological flexibility

  14. REFERENCES • Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R.D. (2010). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Manuscript submitted for publication. • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. • Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, (4), 5-18. • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553-578. • Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082. • Koenig, H. G., Meador, K.,& Parkerson, G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research: A 5-item measure for use in health outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 885-886. • McDaniel, E., & Zettle, R. D. (2006). The relationship among spirituality, happiness, and experiential avoidance. Unpublished manuscript, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS.

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