Coastal Navigation

1. Coastal Navigation Jack Dale ISPA Yachtmaster Offshore Instructor CYA Advanced Cruising Instructor

2. Plotters Dividers Hand Bearing Compass Ship’s Compass TSD Computer Calculator Pencils / Erasers Binoculars Knotmeter Depth Sounder / Lead Line Watch Barometer GPS VHF Radio Navigational Equipment

3. Plotter • Portland Plotter • Douglas Protractor • Parallel Rules • Course Arm Plotter

4. One handed Straight Dividers • Used for • Measuring distance • Determining Latitude and Longitude

5. Hand Bearing Compass • Used to take bearings • Lines of position • Danger bearings

6. Binnacle Compass Bulkhead Compass Ship’s Compass

7. Fluxgate Compass • Digital compass • Sensor

8. Time speed distance calculations Nautical Slide Rule

9. Time speed distance calculations Can be used for celestial navigation Calculator

10. O.9 mm pencil Soft lead White erasers Pencils / Erasers

11. 7 X 50 May have built-in compass Binoculars

12. Measures speed through the water. Usually includes a trip log Distance covered Knotmeter

13. Depth Sounder / Lead Line • Used to measure depths • Be aware of offset • May not work at extreme depths

14. Ship’s clock is official time Clock / Watch

15. Used to make weather forecasts Rapidly falling barometer indicates severe weather Barometer

16. Position finding Speed over ground Velocity made good ETA Horizontal datum should match chart GPS

17. VHF Radio • Marine weather forecasts • Notices to Shipping • GMDSS • Communication with other vessels, marinas

18. Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols and Abbreviations Catalogue of Nautical Charts and Related Publications Sailing Directions Current Atlas Canadian Aids to Navigation System Tide and Current Tables List of Lights, Buoys and Fog Signals Radio Aids to Marine Navigation Navigational Publications

19. Other Publications • International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs) • Safe Boating Guide

20. Charts • a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions.

21. Chart Information • Charts show • depths of water and heights of land, • natural features of the seabed, • details of the coastline, • navigational hazards, • locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, • information on tides and currents, • local details of the Earth'smagnetic field, • man-made structures such as harbours and bridges

22. Chart Classification • Sailing Charts • Offshore passages • 1:600,000 • Very little detail • General Charts • Making landfalls • 1:150,000 to 1:600,000

23. Chart Classification • Coastal Charts • Inshore navigation • 1:50,000 to 1:150,000 • Harbour Charts • Navigating harbours and waterways • Larger than 1:50,000 • Large scale = lots of detail

24. Care of Charts • Use soft pencils only • Use white erasers only • Level, flat surface • Keep them updated • Keep them dry • Use below decks • Stow flat / folded

25. Reading Charts • Title Block • Chart Symbols and Abbreviations

26. Title Block • Region Identification • Main Title • Scale Identification • Projection Identification

27. Title Block • Depths Notes • Elevation Notes • Horizontal Datum • Source Classification • Symbol Reference Notes (Chart 1)

28. Title Block • Tides and Current Notes • Aids to Navigation Notes • Cautionary Notes • Conversion Table • Metres, Feet, Fathoms

29. Compass Rose • Variation • May be as many as four per chart • May vary • Use the closest one

30. Transferring Charts • Determine position • Determine range and bearing to object on both charts • Verify with latitude and longitude

31. Important Chart Symbols

32. Important Chart Symbols

33. Important Chart Symbols

34. Important Chart Symbols

35. Important Chart Symbols

36. Important Chart Symbols

37. Important Chart Symbols

38. Coordinates • Latitude (L) • Parallels run east and west • Denote location north or south of the Equator • Poles are 90º North and 90º South • Longitude (λ) • Meridians run north and south • Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden • Greenwich • Converge at poles

39. Latitude and Longitude

40. Graticule • This latitude/longitude "webbing" is known as the common graticule. • Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude.

41. Deception Pass L 48 24.4’N 122 40.2W

42. Degrees Minutes Seconds • 360 degrees in a circle • Symbol º • 60 minutes in a degree • Symbol ' • 60 seconds in a minute • Symbol "

43. Formats • Latitude – Longitude • DM Degree:Minute • L 49º 30.0’ N λ123º 30.0’W • DMS Degree:Minute:Second • L49 º 30’ 00”N λ123º 30’ 00”W • DD Decimal Degree • L49.5000ºN λ123.5000ºW • generally with 4 decimal numbers.

44. Chart Projections • Mercator • “Normal” projection for charts • Polyconic • May be used in the Great Lakes

45. Mercator Projection

46. Conic Projection

47. The Ships Compass and North • Cardinal Points • North • East • South • West • North is usually at the top

48. North • True North • No variation or deviation • Magnetic North • Accounts for variation only • Compass North • Accounts for variation and deviation

49. Variation • Difference between true north and magnetic north • North pole and magnetic pole differ • Annual change • Found on compass rose • Varies globally

50. Compass Rose • 004 1/2°W 1985 (8' E) • 4.5º West variation in 1985 • 8’ annual change • Current variation 3ºW • 8 X 19/60 = 1.424º change • 4.5 – 1.5 = 3 • Subtract when annual change and variation directions differ • Add when same