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TCP-Related Measurements

TCP-Related Measurements. Presented by: Charles Simpson (Robby) September 30, 2003. Sting: a TCP-based Network Measurement Tool. Stefan Savage (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle)

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TCP-Related Measurements

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  1. TCP-Related Measurements Presented by: Charles Simpson (Robby) September 30, 2003

  2. Sting: a TCP-based Network Measurement Tool • Stefan Savage (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle) • Published in Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems (USITS ’99), October 1999

  3. Features • Can measure the packet loss rate on both the forward and reverse paths between a pair of hosts • Only uses the TCP algorithm • Target only needs to run a TCP service, such as a web server

  4. Forward Loss • Data Seeding: • Source sends in-sequence TCP data packets to target, each of which will be a loss sample • Hole-filling: • Sends TCP data packet with sequence number one greater than the last seeding packet • If target ACKs this new packet, no loss • Else, each ACK indicates missing packets • Should be reliable, that is retransmissions must be made in Hole-filling

  5. Reverse Loss • Data Seeding: • Skip first sequence number, ensuring out-of-sequence data (Fast Retransmit) • Receiver will immediately acknowledge each data packet received • Measure lost ACKs • Hole-filling: • Transmit first sequence number • Continue as before

  6. Sending Large Bursts

  7. Results • Loss rates increase during business hours, and then wane • Forward and reverse loss rates vary independently • On average, with popular web servers, the reverse loss rate is more than 10 times greater than the forward loss rate

  8. Forward Loss Results

  9. Reverse Loss Results

  10. “Popular” Web Servers

  11. Random Web Servers

  12. On Inferring TCP Behavior • Jitendra Padhye and Sally Floyd (AT&T Center for Internet Research at ICSI (ACIRI)) • Published in SIGCOMM ‘01

  13. Features • Developed a tool called TBIT (TCP Behavior Inference Tool) to characterize the behavior of remote web servers, bugs, and non-compliance • Based on Sting

  14. Motivations and Requirements • “Is it appropriate to base Internet simulation and analysis on Reno TCP?” • “What are the initial windows used in TCP connections in the Internet?” • Is end-to-end congestion control being used? • To identify and correct TCP implementation bugs • Testing the TCP behavior of the equipment en route to the target • Should be able to test any web server, any time • TBIT traffic should not be hostile, or even appear to be hostile (or anomalous)

  15. Initial Value of Congestion Window (ICW) • Sends TCP SYN to target, port 80, with large receiver window and desired MSS • Upon receiving SYN/ACK, HTTP 1.0 GET request is sent (along with ACK) • TBIT does not acknowledge any more packets, so the target will only send packets that fit in its ICW • Once TBIT sees a retransmission, it sends a RST to close the connection

  16. ICW Results

  17. Congestion Control Algorithm (CCA) • Connection is established with a small MSS (~100 bytes) to force several packets to be sent (receiver window is set to 5*MSS) • Request is made • All packets are acknowledged up to 13th packet • This packet is dropped • The 14th and 15th packets arrive and are acknowledged (duplicate ACKs) • Packet 16 is dropped, all further packets are acknowledged • Connection is closed once 25 data packets are received, including retransmissions

  18. CCA Results

  19. Conformant Congestion Control (CCC) • Connection is established and request made, with a small MSS • All packets acknowledged until packet 15 is received, which is dropped • All are ACKed, with duplicate ACKs sent for packet 14 until 15 is retransmitted (which is ACKed) • Size of reduced congestion window is the difference between the maximum sequence number received and the highest sequence number acknowledged

  20. CCC Results

  21. Response to SACK • SYN with small MSS and SACK_PERMITTED sent • If SYN/ACK with SACK_PERMITTED is not received, test is terminated • Else packets are received and ACKed until packet 15 is received. 15, 17, and 19 are dropped and an appropriate SACK for 16 and 18 is sent • TBIT waits, sending appropriate SACKs, until 15, 17, and 19 are received • Connection is closed

  22. Response to SACK Results

  23. Time Wait Duration • A three-way handshake (FIN, FIN/ACK, ACK) is used for closing connections • TCP standard specifies after ACKing the FIN, the target should wait 2*MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime) before port can be reused

  24. Time Wait Duration Results

  25. Response to ECN • ECN-setup SYN is sent • If no SYN/ACK is received after three retries, or if RST is received, TBIT concludes failure • Else, SYN/ACK is checked for ECN-setup (ECN_ECHO set, CWR unset) • HTTP request sent with ECT and CE bits set • If ACK is received, check for ECN_ECHO, else give up after three retries

  26. Response to ECN Results

  27. Interesting Result • Many tests were terminated because the remote host sent packets with MSS larger than that set by the receiver

  28. Future Work • Further Tests of TCP implementation • DSACK (RFC 2883) • Limited Transmit (RFC 3042) • Congestion Window Validation (RFC 2861) • Test for Standards Compliance • Use TBIT to generate models of TCP implementations for simulators such as NS

  29. On the Characteristics and Origins of Internet Flow Rates • Yin Zhang and Lee Breslau (AT&T Labs – Research) • Vern Paxson and Scott Shenker (International Computer Science Institute) • Published in SIGCOMM ‘02

  30. Features • Developed tool, T-RAT (TCP Rate Analysis Tool), that analyzes TCP packet-level dynamics, by examining traces • They want to find the distribution of flow data transmit rates, as well as the causes of these rates • They examine the distribution of flow rates seen and investigate the relationship between these rates and other characteristics like flow size and duration

  31. Rate Distribution • Average rates vary over several orders of magnitude • Flow sizes more highly skewed than flow rates, probably due to unbounded sizes • Used Q-Q plot to determine fit to log-normal distribution, which was good • Find that most flows are not fast, but the fast flows account for a significant fraction of all traffic • They see a divide between large, fast flows and small, slow flows

  32. Correlations • Tested three correlations and found: • Duration and rate (negative correlation) • Size and rate (slightly positive correlation) • Duration and size (really strong correlation)

  33. T-RAT Specifications • Entire connection need not be observed • Trace can be recorded at arbitrary location • Tool works in a streaming fashion • Packets are grouped into flights, and the following is recorded: • The MSS is estimated • The RTT is estimated • The rate limit is estimated

  34. T-RAT Rate Limiting Factors • Opportunity Limited – limited amount of data to send • Congestion Limited – due to packet loss • Transport Limited – sender is in congestion avoidance, but doesn’t experience any loss • Receiver Window Limited – sender is limited by the receiver’s maximum advertised window • Bandwidth Limited – sender fully utilizes bandwidth • Application Limited – application does not produce data fast enough to be transport or bandwidth limited

  35. Results (per bytes) • Most common rate limiting factor is congestion (22% - 43% of bytes in traces) • Window limitations, more specifically receiver window, was the second most limiting factor • Other limitations did not really present themselves

  36. Results (per flows) • Most common are opportunity and application limitations (together, over 90% of all flows) • Other factors had little, if any, affect • Supports the conclusion that most flows are small and slow • Small – opportunity limited • Slow – application limited • Much more work to do

  37. Passive Estimation of TCP Round-Trip Times • Hao Jiang (Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware) • Constantinos Dovrolis (Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware) • To appear at the ACM Computer Communications Review, August 2002

  38. Objectives • “… to estimate the Round-Trip Times (RTTs) of the TCP connections that go through a network link, using passive measurements at that link.” • Using traces • Using only unidirectional flows • Must have IP and TCP headers and an accurate timestamp for each packet

  39. Techniques • SYN-ACK (SA) estimation • Flows from caller to callee • Slow-Start (SS) estimation • Flows from callee to caller • Must transfer at least five consecutive segments, the first four must be MSS packets • NOTE: These techniques are simple enough to be able to run on routers in real-time • Only one estimation is made per connection, which has been validated in “On Estimating End-to-End Network Path Properties,” by Mark Allman and Vern Paxson, SIGCOMM ‘99

  40. SYN-ACK (SA) Estimation • Basic Idea: “… RTT can be estimated from the time interval between the last-SYN and the first-ACK that the caller sends to the callee” • Three Conditions: • No delay • SYN/ACK cannot be lost, as well as first ACK • Low delay jitter • Still performs well when conditions are not met

  41. Slow-Start (SS) Estimation • MSS value can be estimated from trace, by comparing with “well-known” values • Basic Idea: “… the time spacing between the first and second bursts is roughly equal to the connection’s RTT.” • Delayed ACKs could become a problem, thus first burst must consist of at least two MSS packets

  42. Direct Verification • Compare SA and SS estimated RTT values with ping measurements • Accuracy threshold: The estimate must be within 5ms or 10%, whichever is larger, to the median ping measurement • Only 5-10% of SA estimates are outside the threshold • 10-15% of SS estimates are outside the threshold • The errors seem worse on links with larger RTTs, probably due to jitter

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