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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy. BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future. Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy. Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science

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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

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  1. Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of Energy BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 12 April 2004 NRC Board on Energy & Environmental Systems (BEES) http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/

  2. (76%) (7%) (4%) (13%) 2

  3. Department of Energy Organization DP EM EE/RE NN FE NE SC RW 3

  4. DOE’s Office of Science DirectorRaymond L. Orbach Principal Deputy DirectorJames F. Decker Deputy Director for OperationsMilton D. Johnson Chief of Staff Jeff Salmon BES is here Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Res. Associate Director C. Edward Oliver Office of Basic Energy Sciences Associate Director Patricia Dehmer Office of Biological and Environmental Res Associate Director Aristides Patrinos Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Associate Director N. Anne Davies Office of High Energy Physics Associate Director Robin Staffin Office of Nuclear Physics Associate Director Dennis Kovar BES … is one of the Nation's largest sponsors of basic research, with a budget of ~$1B; … supports research in ~150 academic institutions and 13 DOE laboratories; … supports world-class scientific user facilities; and … is uniquely responsible in the Federal government for supporting fundamental research in materials sciences, chemistry, geosciences, and aspects of biosciences related to energy resources, production, conversion, efficiency, and use. 4

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  6. Basic Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply, End Use, and Carbon Management Global Climate Change Science Policy Fossil Carbon Energy Sources Non-Carbon Energy Sources Carbon Recycle Energy Consumption CO2 Sequestration Coal Nuclear Fission Natural Transportation Geologic Petroleum Synthetic Buildings Terrestrial Nuclear Fusion Industrial Ocean Natural Gas Hydrogen Geothermal Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,… Hydroelectric Elements Addressed by the BES Program Solar Wind Conservation and Efficiency 6

  7. The Energy Problem • Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now: • The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S. in politically unstable regions of the world. • The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming. • All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production. • The BESAC report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities Workshop: October 21-25, 2002 Report: March 2003 Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair Dr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair

  8. Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy • There exists an enormous gap between present state-of-the-art capabilities and requirements that will allow hydrogen to be competitive with today’s energy technologies: • Production: 9M tons  40M tons (vehicles) • Storage: 4.4 MJ/L (10K psi gas)  9.72 MJ/L • Fuel cells: $3,000/kW $35/kW (gasoline engine) • Major R&D efforts will be required: • Simple improvements of today’s technologies will not meet requirements • Technical barriers can be overcome only with high risk/high payoff basic research • Research is highly interdisciplinary, requiring chemistry, materials science, physics, biology, engineering, nanoscience, computational science. • Basic and applied research should couple seamlessly. Workshop: May 13-15, 2003 Report: Summer 2003 This was the first comprehensive study devoted entirely to the basic research needs associated with a future hydrogen economy.

  9. Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT) Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL) Michelle Buchanan (ORNL) Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and UseMay 13-15, 2003 Breakout Sessions: Hydrogen Production Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE: Hydrogen Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy Garland Hydrogen Production Mark Paster Charge: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage, and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion. Workshop Plenary Session Speakers: Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overview George Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storage Scott Jorgensen (GM) -- storage Jae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmental Jay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety

  10. Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop • 125 Participants: • Universities • National Laboratories • Industries • DOE: SC and technology offices • Other Federal Agencies - including OMB, OSTP, NRL, NIST, NSF, NAS, USDA, and House Science Committee staff Remarks from News Reporters: American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Science Policy News Number 71 “Dresselhaus remarked that there were some “very promising” ideas, and she was more optimistic after the workshop that some of the potential showstoppers may have solutions.” “… solving the problems will need long-term support across several Administrations. Progress will require the cooperation of different offices within DOE, and also the involvement of scientists from other countries, …” C&E News June 9, 2003 “MOVING TOWARD A HYDROGEN ECONOMY” DOE Workshop Brings Together Scientists to Prioritize Research Needs for Switching to Hydrogen Economy.

  11. Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 Production Biological enzyme catalysis; nanoassemblies; bio-inspired materials and processes Nuclear and Solar Thermal Hydrogen Thermodynamic data and modeling; novel materials; membranes and catalysts Fossil Fuel Reforming Catalysis; membranes; theory and modeling; nanoscience Solar Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis Understanding physical mechanisms; novel materials; theory and modeling; stability of materials Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and hydrogen activation Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning High T operation places severe demands on reactor design and on materials Dye-Sensitized solar cells Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

  12. Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage Novel and Nanoscale Materials Li, Nature 1999 Neutron imaging of hydrogen Cup-stacked carbon nNanofiber Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board the vehicles Theory and Modeling To Understand Mechanisms, Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New Materials H Adsorption in nanotube array Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

  13. Energy Density of Fuels Ideal Solid State Storage Material for Hydrogen • High gravimetric and volumetric density (10 wt %) • Fast kinetics • Favorable thermodynamics • Reversible and recyclable • Material integrity • Minimal lattice expansion • Absence of embrittlement • Safe • Cost effective 30 gasoline 20 liquid H2 compressed gas H2 Volumetric Energy Density (MJ / L system) proposed DOE goal 10 chemical hydrides 0 0 10 20 30 40 complex hydrides Gravimetric Energy Density (MJ/kg system)

  14. Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases H2 Intake Membranes O2 Intake Cathode Anode Catalysts Internal view of a PEM fuel cell Source: T. Zawadzinski (CWRU) Water Electrons YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs Mass of Pt Used in the Fuel Cell  a Critical Cost Issue 2-5 nm 20-50 - mm Tailored Porosity Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors) Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn) Priority Research Areas in Fuel Cells Electrocatalysts and Membranes Non-noble metal catalysts; designed triple-percolation electrodes Low temperature fuel cells ‘Higher’ temperature membranes; degradation mechanisms; tailored nanostructures Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Theory, modeling, and simulation; new materials; novel synthesis; in-situ diagnostics Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

  15. Planned BES Solicitation for Basic Research inSupport of the President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative • Approximately $21.5 million will be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations. • Separate solicitations for universities and FFRDCs are planned to be issued in May 2004. Preapplications are required. Tentative timeline: • July 15, 2004 Preapplications due • September 1, 2004 Decisions on preapplications sent to PIs • January 1, 2005 Full proposals due • June - July 2005 Awards made • The solicitation will request preapplications for innovative basic research proposals to establish the scientific basis that underpins the physical, chemical, and biological processes governing the interaction of hydrogen with materials. • Five high-priority research directions will be the focus of the solicitations: • Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage • Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport • Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale • Solar Hydrogen Production • Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes • The distribution of funds between universities and FFRDCs awards and among the five focus areas will depend on the outcomes of the merit review process (http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/peerreview.html).

  16. DOE Hydrogen Posture Plan - EERE, FE, NE, SC Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Storage Grand Challenge solicitation and proposal review Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Production solicitation and proposal review Will coordinate with EERE, NE, FE on BES hydrogen solicitation and proposal review OSTP Hydrogen R&D Task Force Group Participation by DOC, DOD, DOE, DOT, DOS, CIA, EPA, NASA, NIST, NSF, USDA Developed Taxonomy of Research Directions to facilitate interagency coordination BES leads the “Fundamental Research” subgroup to develop 10-year interagency coordination plans International Hydrogen Activities Participated in multi-lateral and bi-lateral hydrogen meetings - IPHE, US/European Commission, US/Canada, US/India, US/United Kingdom, IEA Hydrogen Coordination Group Topics of Discussion: hydrogen production, carbon sequestration, storage, delivery, fuel cells, codes and standards, economic/cost modeling BES Participation in Coordination Activities

  17. OMB/OSTP Briefing and SC Briefing American Physical Society March Meeting (March 22-26, 2004) Basic Research for the Hydrogen Economy Symposium American Chemical Society National Meeting (March 28 – April 1, 2004) Hydrogen Symposium Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (April 12-16, 2004) Federal Funding Workshop – Hydrogen R&D Needs and Opportunities Council for Chemical Research (April 17-20, 2004) Hydrogen Forum Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (November 29 - December 3, 2004) Hydrogen Storage Symposium Physics Today - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan, Crabtree IUMRS Facets - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan, Crabtree Nova special program on hydrogen - consultants are Nate Lewis, Millie Dresselhaus Interviews by Jim Lehrer Newshour Interviews by Brazil Major TV Talk Show / Newspaper Interview by National Public Radio BES Outreach Activities 17

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