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How do we classify something as living?

How do we classify something as living?. Living things… 1. Have a need for energy (from chemicals, sunlight, other animals, etc.) 2. Respond to their environment (to survive) 3. Have the ability to reproduce= pass genetic info (asexual or sexual) 4. Are made up of one or more cells.

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How do we classify something as living?

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  1. How do we classify something as living? Living things… 1. Have a need for energy (from chemicals, sunlight, other animals, etc.) 2. Respond to their environment (to survive) 3. Have the ability to reproduce= pass genetic info (asexual or sexual) 4. Are made up of one or more cells

  2. StructuralOrganization Animal Large Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Membranes Macromolecules Simple molecules Small Atoms

  3. 2 Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotes= No nucleus (“before” nucleus) • Example = Bacteria

  4. (Kingdom Fungi) • 2. Eukaryotes= Nucleus (“true” nucleus) All other Kingdoms: • Fungi • Plants • Protists • *Animals Eukaryotic cells have many organelles- Structures that perform specific functions. *plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus (Kingdom Plantae) (Kingdom Protista) (Kingdom Animalia)

  5. Tools for Viewing Life • Light Microscope • Compound • Stereo/ Dissecting • Electron Microscope • Scanning (SEM) • Transmission (TEM) • X-rays • Ultrasound • MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging

  6. Light Microscopes Compound= 1 optical system *Magnification = Up to 1500x (SHS=400x) (objective x eyepiece) *Images = Upside down and reversed http://ettc.lrhsd.org/archives/Pictures/138-microscopes-lg.jpg http://www.az-microscope.on.ca/images/Ml2100.jpg

  7. Stereo = 2 separate optical systems (for objects that will not fit on a slide) *Magnification = Up to 100x (SHS = 30x) *Images = 3D, normal upright, right to left image http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/stereomicroscopy/stereointro.html http://www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/stereoparts.jpg

  8. Electron Microscopes • Scanning (SEM) *Uses electrons instead of light to form/focus image *Used to view surfaces of objects (electrons deflect off specimens) *Magnification up to 500,000x Fly Head http://image53.webshots.com/53/8/76/41/2484876410085329142tuvzFM_fs.jpg http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/labs/ebeam/images/sem8.jpg

  9. Transmission (TEM) *Uses electrons instead of light to form/focus image *Used to view inner structure of objects (electrons pass through specimens) *Magnification up to 1, 000,000x TEM-micrograph: thylakoid system in a chloroplast (bar= 0.5 µm). http://www.iopb.res.in/~bhupen/tem_mch.gif http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www-classic.uni-graz.at/pphwww/elmi/tem2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www-classic.uni-graz.at/pphwww/elmi/tempraeparatione.htm&usg=__a3m7XGYsX7CRKvKD0cd0qlD36jk=&h=321&w=387&sz=43&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=Ugh374nux3hqcM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTEM%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D18%26um%3D1

  10. TEM vs. SEM http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/images/TEM-SEM-electron-beam.jpg

  11. X-Ray • X-rays pass through tissue to show dense material (which absorbs the rays) http://www.designswan.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/xray/22.jpg http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/physics_gcse/Unit_1/Topic_5/em_spectrum.jpg

  12. MRI • Uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of body tissues. *Can take images from almost every angle http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/mri/images/mri-scanner.jpg http://www.ct-scan-info.com/images/MRscanner.jpg

  13. CT-Scan “cat scan” • Computer (Axial) Tomography • Numerous x-ray beams and a set of electronic x-ray detectors rotatearound you, measuring the amount of radiation being absorbed throughout your body • Can create a 3D view of scanned item (which can include items than dense bone) other • Greater number of X-ray images = more radiation http://www.sciencecodex.com/aggregated-images/body/mM1Wb9z7m7ZV3Stj.jpg http://benchmarks.cancer.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CT-cartoon2.gif

  14. Ultrasound • High-frequency sound waves pass through the body until they come to a border between two tissues that conduct sound differently. Then, some of the sound waves bounce back & are produced as a picture. *When used for long periods of time at high intensities, it can cause the tissues to become heated.  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18056.jpg http://www.hip2b2.com/images/uploaded_images/Ultrasound.jpg

  15. PET scan • Positron Emission Tomography. • Uses radiation to trace a radioactive element/medicine in the body. • Produces a 3D, color image. http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/images/205902.jpg http://www.petscaninfo.com/zportal/portals/pat/basic/old/pet_scan_cancer.jpg

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