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Modules 11 and 12 Motivation and Emotion

Modules 11 and 12 Motivation and Emotion. Essential Question: What are the theories of human motivation and of human emotion?. What is motivation?. Motivation – a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Attempts to answer the question: “Why do humans do what they do?”.

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Modules 11 and 12 Motivation and Emotion

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  1. Modules 11 and 12Motivation and Emotion Essential Question: What are the theories of human motivation and of human emotion?

  2. What is motivation? • Motivation – a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. • Attempts to answer the question: “Why do humans do what they do?”

  3. Historic Explanations of Motivation • Instincts – A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. • Ex. Bears hibernate in winter. • Ex. Migration patterns of whales.

  4. Historic Explanations of Motivation • Drives – states of tension that result from an internal imbalance • Drive-reduction theory – idea that a physiological need creates a drive that motivates and organism to satisfy the need • Need for food  Hunger  Eating

  5. Biological Explanations of Motivation • Arousal – brain’s level of alertness • Yerkes-Dodson Law: theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance but only up to a certain point. • Too much or too little arousal can decrease performance.

  6. Biological Explanations of Motivation • Homeostasis – tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • Your body needs to maintain an average temperature of 98.6 degrees. • Is homeostasis the same as drive-reduction? • No; D-R eliminates deficits only; Homeostasis eliminates both deficits and surpluses.

  7. Cognitive Explanations of Motivation • Extrinsic motivation: desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment. • You study hard to get all A’s because your mom gives you money. • You study hard to get all A’s so that you are not grounded every weekend.

  8. Cognitive Explanations of Motivation • Intrinsic motivation: desire to perform a task for its own sake and to be effective • You become a teacher because you feel that you can change lives. • You practice your guitar daily because you like to entertain your friends and family.

  9. Clinical Explanations of Motivation • Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” • Humans are motivated to achieve “self actualization” – the need to live up to one’s full potential.

  10. Clinical Explanations of Motivation • Achievement motivation – a desire for: • Significant accomplishment • Mastery of ideas, things or people • Attaining a high standard

  11. What is emotion? • Emotions: Whole-organism responses involving: • Physiological arousal • Expressive behaviors • Conscious experience

  12. What are the theories of Emotion? • James-Lange Theory : theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus. • 1. You see a snake (stimulus) • 2. Your heart starts pounding (arousal) • 3. You feel afraid (emotion)

  13. What are the theories of Emotion? • Cannon-Bard Theory: theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological response and the subjective experience of emotion. • 1. You see a snake. (stimulus) • 2. Your heart starts beating (arousal) AND you feel afraid (emotion) at the same time.

  14. What are the theories of Emotion? • Two-Factor theory: theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label that emotion. • 1. You see a snake (stimulus) • 2. Your heart starts beating (arousal) AND you cognitively label the emotion (“I’m afraid”) • 3. You feel fear. (emotion)

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