1 / 22

Biotechnology

Biotechnology. The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life. Transgenics. The process of combining DNA from 2 organisms Genetic engineering REMEMBER- DNA is universal

annona
Download Presentation

Biotechnology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biotechnology The use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life.

  2. Transgenics • The process of combining DNA from 2 organisms • Genetic engineering • REMEMBER- DNA is universal • A gene taken from one species can be replicated in another species.

  3. Recombinant DNA contains nucleotides from 2 or more different sources. So how does DNA get from one species to another? Vector: a mechanism needed to transfer DNA from one organism to another Microinjection Gene Gun Virus Bacteria Recombinant DNA

  4. Recombinant DNA • Bacteria are used because they have plasmids • A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome and replicatesindependently of it.

  5. So how do I take a gene from one organism and put it into another? • We need to use RestrictionEnzymes

  6. What are Restriction Enzymes? • Proteins • Used by bacteria to cut viral DNA • They “restrict” the growth of viruses • http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/restriction.html

  7. Restriction Enzymes • Cut strands of DNA at specific nucleotide sequences • PALINDROME! • Reads the same forwards as its complementary strand backwards • Restriction Enzymes cut at very specific palindrome sequences 5’ GAATTC 3’ CTTAAG

  8. What is a palindrome in English? • Palindromes can be read backwards and forwards the same way. • Give me an example of a name that is a palindrome: • Hannah • It’s a little more tricky in DNA because the strand itself isn’t what must be backwards and forwards…

  9. DNA Palindromes • A DNA palindrome reads exactly opposite its complementary strand • Ex- CAGAC is not a palindrome but CCCGGG is. Why? • Let’s look at the complementary strand: • CAGAC CCCGGG • GTCTG GGGCCC

  10. Another Example

  11. Which of the following is a palindrome??? • 1: TTTCGC AAAGCG • 2: CATTAC GTAATG • 3: GAATTC CTTAAG • 4: AATGCC TTACGG

  12. Sticky Ends • Most restriction enzymes cut DNA with a staggered cut • The staggered cuts leave the DNA with end pieces “sticking off” • We call these “sticky ends” • These exposed N-bases will want to join with other complimentary exposed bases

  13. Sowhat ? • What do you predict could happen if two pieces of DNA are cut with the same restriction enzyme??? • YES! They will have the same “sticky ends” • How could we use this???

  14. Restriction Enzymes can be used to make Recombinant DNA. • The gene of interest can be isolated using Restriction Enzymes

  15. Making Recombinant DNA… • Once the gene is isolated, how do we join it with the organism’s DNA? • Cut the organism’s DNA with the same restriction enzyme…why • The sticky ends will naturally be attracted to each other • Add DNA LIGASE: an enzyme that seals the sticky ends together

  16. Now whenever the bacteria plasmid replicates, the gene will be cloned. • Gene Cloning:the production of many identical copies of the same gene.

  17. Insulin Production

  18. You have created a Transgenic Organism! • organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA (rDNA) from a different organism

  19. Uses for Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA has been gaining importance over the last few years, and will become more important as genetic diseases become more prevalent and agricultural area is reduced. Below are some of the areas where Recombinant DNA will have an impact: • Better Crops (drought & heat resistance) • Recombinant Vaccines (i.e. Hepatitis B) • Production of clotting factors • Production of insulin • Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals • Plants that produce their own insecticides • Gene therapy

  20. Gene Therapy • Insertion of normal DNA directly into cells to correct a genetic defect. • Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis example- • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/genetherapy/cysticfibrosis/

More Related