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Ethnicity

Ethnicity. El Burrito Mercado—St. Paul’s District del Sol. Change in Land Tenure / Usage. Aztecs: Southern Mexico (most fertile) Terraced fields Irrigation Chinampas: “floating gardens” (maize, beans) Reed-based, staked down / eventually rooted On main water source

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Ethnicity

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  1. Ethnicity El Burrito Mercado—St. Paul’s District del Sol

  2. Change in Land Tenure / Usage Aztecs: Southern Mexico (most fertile) • Terraced fields • Irrigation • Chinampas: “floating gardens” (maize, beans) • Reed-based, staked down / eventually rooted • On main water source • Always being replenished • No fallow! • Extremely fertile • Fed Tenochtitlan • Communal

  3. Modern Chinampas

  4. Natives: Encomiendas • Economic / Legal system to exploit Natives • Lands placed in “trust” (no ownership) • Natives worked in agriculture, mining; little $ • Spanish imposed: • Taxes • Indentured servitude (~feudalism) • Spanish offered: • “Protection” • Salvation / Christianity • Native lands today still in “trust!” • “Checkerboarding”

  5. Latifundia • Private, HUGE farms / plantations: haciendas orfazendas • Plots of land (w/ people) granted from Spanish / Portuguese throne / government • Hacendero / Fazendeiro (owner) = The Law! • Peons (~slaves) work the land • Beginnings of environmental change / dependency • Destroyed prior methods of food production

  6. Engenhos: • Sugar Mill • Land • Buildings • Slaves • etc.

  7. Sugar Cane: From India, through Europe, to the Americas

  8. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE “NEW” Turkey Corn Tomato Beans Vanilla Squash “OLD” Cattle Pigs Horses Sugar Tea Coffee “Old World” ahead in animal domestication: • Brought disease and transportation to Americas • “New World” ahead in crops: • Brought greater nutrition to European & African populations

  9. Native Plant Domestication Seed Crops Tubers 1. Maize (corn)Yucca / Manioc / Cassava 2. BeansSweet Potato Jícama Companion Planting: stalk / shade, N2, mulch Fruits Veggies Other Avocado3. SquashAgave Guava Pumpkin Cotton* Papaya Tomato Peppers * Two different species concurrent in both hemispheres: • India, Mexico (Asian evidence is older)

  10. Companion Planting or “Intertillage”

  11. Animal Domestication: • Generally one-way street (from Europe): • Pigs, sheep, horses, cattle • Buffalo too aggressive for domestication • Native animals: • Turkey, Buffalo • Andean highlands: Llama, Alpaca, Guinea Pig • European animals brought many diseases • Measles, TB, various poxes, parasites

  12. Ecological Imperialism • Introduction of exotic species into new ecosystems (don’t forget humans) • “New World” as virgin soil for germs; biological expansion of Europe • Native species lack of natural resistance: Still true today! • Early European fishermen brought disease, worsened with introduction of pigs, dogs, other animals

  13. Deaths due to Disease*(1492-1532)* Depends on which population figures used • South America: <90% decline • Mexico: >90% decline • Central America: ~95% decline • Caribbean:virtually 100% decline

  14. Indigenous Populations About 30 million natives live in Latin America today

  15. Disease Epidemics • Smallpox • Measles • Flu • Plague • Typhus • Cholera • Chicken Pox • Malaria What about American diseases? Europeans contained own epidemics via quarantine, but did not quarantine them from natives.

  16. Question: ? Why didn’t the Natives “contaminate” the Europeans with “American” diseases—the spread of diseases was generally a “one-way” street?

  17. “Geography as Destiny”(Jared Diamond) • Eurasian species are more fit to survive because of the necessity of having to develop better survival skills due to a larger East-West land mass • In Eurasia: • Wider land mass along parallels • Same latitude = Same climate • More competition on every latitude • More competition = More fit for survival • In the Americas: • Less E/W land mass • Fewer “survival skills” learned / necessary for survival • Eurasian plants / animals / diseases dominate

  18. “Wider Land Mass Along Parallels”

  19. Lunch! • Soup or Salad • Entrée • Side Dish • Condiment / Spice • Snack • Drink • Fruit or Dessert

  20. Lunch? EURASIAN AMERICAN Beef / Pork / Tofu / Perch Guinea Pig / Turkey / Walleye Chicken / Ocean Fish Squash / Sweet Potatoes Bread / Rice / Pasta / Grains Corn, Potatoes, Yucca, Jícama Most Fruits / Banana / Mango Papaya, Guava, Avocado, Cola / Coffee / Tea / Milk Pineapple, Grapefruit Most Condiments / Sugar Salsa / Ketchup Dairy Products / Jell-o / Yogurt Chocolate, Vanilla Broccoli, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomatoes, Peppers, Beans, Beets, Rutabagas, Lentils Most Spices Tapioca, Sassafras, Allspice NUTS / SEEDS: Wal-, Chest-, Hazel-, Almond, Pea-, Brazil, Cashew, Pecan Pistachio Sunflower, Pumpkin OUT: Ocean seafood, Mint, Water, Kiwi, Coconut, Macadamians, Raspberries

  21. Caribbean: Largest % of any destination Brazil: Largest % of any single country • 1532: First slave traded to the Americas

  22. African Diaspora But why? Mortality rate of natives meant importing slave labor from elsewhere!

  23. MiningMostly Silver at first Zacatecas Guanajuato D.F. • Taxco (1531)

  24. Potosí, Bolivia

  25. …and Gold! Cortés: Mexico Montezuma, Aztec Pizarro: Peru Atahualpa, Inca Brazil Gold: Later (1631)

  26. …then Agriculture: Caribbean, Brazil, Guianas • Sugar plantations / engenhos • Tropics: islands, flat lands • Brazil, Jamaica andHaiti

  27. Dutch West India Trading Company (1621) • Originally started (1608) as the Dutch East India Company (SW Asia) • Caribbean first, then all over Americas

  28. The Journey • Would take anywhere from 30 – 90 days (West Africa to Brazil)… • Or 60 – 180 days (Africa to Caribbean) • Longer journey = more deaths en route (50%) • Caribbean death rate: 8 million : 4 million

  29. Distance makesa difference Luanda, Angola to Santo Domingo, DR ~6,000 miles • • • • Monrovia, Africa to Recife, Brazil ~2,000 miles

  30. “Middle Passage” Triangle Trade • 2nd (“middle”) leg of “Triangle Trade:” Generally long route • “Middle” of Earth • Sailing routes followed clockwise flow of currents, winds

  31. 3. Gulf Stream 1. Canary Current 2. North Equatorial Current

  32. Doldrums (and Horse Latitudes) ITCZ (virtually no wind) Could add MONTHS to journey

  33. Slave Trade Map

  34. Recife, Pernambuco • Recife Pernambuco Slave Market

  35. Recife: • Native • Portuguese • African • Dutch • Jewish • Spanish • French • English • “Brazilian”

  36. How do we categorize people? • Ethnicity • Shared culture, i.e.: • Region (country, city, etc.) • Language, writing, art, music, dance • Religion • Food and clothing • Race • Appearance, i.e. • Skin, Noses, etc. • Often used for class distinction

  37. Ethnicity is Cultural. Race is Artificial. Color spots from Anime tutorial website • Native? • Latino?

  38. Miscegenation • The “Mixing” of People • Virtually no European females initially • Far more African-Americans than Euros! • Lineage / “Purity” = Wealth, Power, Land • Caste System: Higher % Spanish = Higher Status

  39. “Race” and Class Distinction • Españoles / Peninsulares(Spaniard) • Controlled / Part of Spanish Government ($$$) • Creoles (American born of Spanish lineage) • Land owners, 2nd class, few political rights • Mestizos(Mix of native and Spanish) • No rights, but not usually slaves (servants) • Mulattos (Mix of black and Spanish) • No rights, but not usually slaves (servants) • Black, Native, or Zambos (Mix of native and black) • Nothing (Slavery)

  40. The Caste System in Colonial Mexico 1. Spanish + Indian = Mestizo 2. Spanish + Mestizo = Castizo 3. Spanish + Castizo = Espomolo 4. Spanish + Black = Mulatto 5. Spanish + Mulatto + = Morisco (Moor) 6. Spanish + Morisco = Albino 8. Spanish + Albino (Chino) = Throwback 9. Throwback + Indian = Wolf (Zambo) 10. Wolf + Indian = Zambaigo 11. Zambaigo + Indian = Cambujo 12. Cambujo + Mulatto = Alvarazado 13. Alvarazado + Mulatto = Borquino 14. Borquino + Mulatto = Coyote 15. Coyote + Mulatto = Chamizo 16. Chamizo + Mestizo = Cachimboreta 17. Cachimboreta + Mulatto = Barcino 18. Barcino + Wolf = Coyote

  41. Ethnicity of Middle America

  42. Ethnicity of South America European Andean Indian Other Indian Mestizo Zambo* * Legacy of slave trade (ports of entry)

  43. What does “black” mean? • In the U.S., “one drop” of “black blood” means one is black: Not in Latin America • No such thing as “African-Latin Americans” • Latino: Cultural, not racial • Hispanic: “part Spanish” • Chicano: political, Mexican • “La Raza:” CulturallyLatino • Combo: White, Black, Indigenous • Afro-Cuban, Afro-Caribbean? • Garífuna (Hond, Belize, Guat) • Maroons (Jamaica, Amazonia) • Escaped slaves • Created own culture Pelé

  44. Other Non-European Populations Guianas: French Guiana: 3.2% Chinese 1.5% Hmong Suriname: 37% East Indian 15% Indonesian 10% “Maroons” Guyana: 51% East Indian

  45. Ethnicity = Religion? COUNTRY PART SPANISH CATHOLIC • Argentina 97% 92% • Chile 95% 89% • Colombia 92% 90% • DR 89% 95% • El Salvador 99% 83% • Guatemala 60% 60% • Honduras 91% 97% • Mexico 69% 89% • Nicaragua 86% 73% • Panama 84% 85% • Paraguay 95% 90% • Puerto Rico 91% 85%

  46. So what does Latin America believe? 80% Approximately of Latin America is “Catholic”

  47. Brazil: Colonial Influences COUNTRY ETHNICITY RELIGION Brazil European: 54% Catholic: 74% Mulatto: 39% Protestant: 15% Black: 6% None: 7% Others: <5% Portuguese

  48. Other Colonial Influences COUNTRY ETHNICITY RELIGION • Suriname Hindustani: 37% Hindu: 27% Creole (B/W): 31% Protestant: 25% Javanese:15% Catholic: 23% Maroons: 10% Muslim: 20% • Barbados Black: 90% Anglican: 40% • Cayman Islands Mixed: 40% None dominant • Guyana East Indian: 50% Christian: 50% Black: 36% Hindu: 35% • TNT Indian: 40% Catholic: 26% Black: 38% Hindu: 23% • Guadeloupe Black: 90% Catholic: 95% • Haiti Black: 95% Catholic: 80%* Santeria: 100%* • Martinique Mixed: 90% Catholic: 85% Dutch Brits French

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