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Definitions and IDs. Copernican Theory Johannes Kepler. Questions and Imperatives. Describe the styles of art in 17 th -century Europe and note the relationship of art to the State. Describe the influence or actions of the Catholic Church with the growing sciences of the 17 th century.
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Definitions and IDs • Copernican Theory • Johannes Kepler
Questions and Imperatives • Describe the styles of art in 17th-century Europe andnote the relationship of art to the State. • Describe the influence or actions of the Catholic Church with the growing sciences of the 17th century. • How does the study of the natural world influence religious belief and the understanding of the truth? (CLASS DISCUSSION)
BaroqueGianlorenzo Bernini • Baroque came w/ blaze of grandeur & drama • everything was done in excess • baroque was closely associated with the counter reformation’s emphasis on Catholic ritual • historians have applied Baroque to music, literature, politics, and even personality traits, but we usually think in terms of a style of art (emanated from Rome) • powerful depiction of human bodies and vivid use of color • key sculptor and architect during this age was Gianlorenzo Bernini who sculpted a powerful looking David ready to unleash his slingshot against David (different than Michelangelo’s David)
BERNINI’s “DAVID”
ClassicismNicholas Poussin • classicism emphasized formality, balance, and restraint, and came to dominate European culture • attempted to recapture artistic values of ancient Rome and Greece • like baroque, it aimed at grand effects, but through restraint and discipline • the epitome of classical expression can be seen in the works of Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) • French artist who spent most of his career in Italy • he used dramatic scenes in his art • Considered greatest French painter of the 17th century • believed that the highest aim in painting was to represent noble actions in a logical and orderly way, but not realistically • best-known work : The Rape of the Sabine Women • Poussin died (1665) when Louis XIV’s monarchy was showing great signs of absolutism and individualism was not allowed • The glorification of the state and the King was primary
Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630 • one of the most important scientist in the field of astronomy. • first to explain planetary motion • made important headway into the field of optics, integral calculus, and geometry. • explained how the tides were influenced by the Moon, • determined the exact year of Christ's birth • responsible for finding the three laws of planetary motion. • Kepler was a very religious man, who gave credit God for each discovery • originally planned on becoming a priest • Lutheran faith caused him many problems throughout his life, since Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution 1806. • persecuted by Catholics, Kepler had to relocate several times due to pressure from the Church, yet he would not convert. • He lived in poverty, and died in poverty
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642 • aristocratic lineage but average wealth • challenged the then-dominant view of physics, based on writings of Aristotle • groundbreaking research in physics paved the way for the work of Sir Isaac Newton • Galileo advocated the Copernican theory (earth orbits around sun in center), not the Ptolemy “theory” (earth as center of universe) • The Catholic Church disapproved of heliocentricity, contrary to the statements in the Bible • Man, God’s creation should be at center of universe • 1616: Church sent Galileo warning – theory denied Christian doctrine • 1630s: Church accused Galileo of heresy, tried him before Inquisition, forced him to renounce his views and submit to the Church. • Galileo lived under house arrest for the last eight years of his life • he still continued to write • Galileo went blind several years before his death
Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 • Born in England • Lives during time of Civil Wars • Receives bachelor of arts from Trinity College • plague drives Newton to his mother's home • conducts prism experiments, begins to consider idea of gravity • Newton works on the mathematics of gravitation • completes his calculations on gravity • urged him to publish • presents the first book of the Principia to the Royal Society • elected as Cambridge's representative to Parliament • 1693 - suffers a nervous breakdown • 1705 - Newton knighted by Queen Anne • 1712 - Royal Society commission, under Newton's direction, investigates the competing claims of Leibniz and Newton to having developed calculus, and decides in favor of Newton.
