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Definitions and IDs

Definitions and IDs. coup abdicate Rosetta Stone Napoleon’s Continental System Louis Braille. Questions and Imperatives. Discuss Napoleon Bonaparte’s domestic policy for France. Discuss the significant military points in Napoleon Bonaparte’s life – both positive and negative outcomes.

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Definitions and IDs

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  1. Definitions and IDs • coup • abdicate • Rosetta Stone • Napoleon’s Continental System • Louis Braille

  2. Questions and Imperatives • Discuss Napoleon Bonaparte’s domestic policy for France. • Discuss the significant military points in Napoleon Bonaparte’s life – both positive and negative outcomes.

  3. Napoleon Bonaparte • 1795 put down public demonstration against National Convention • asked for a command of in Italy • Brief jaunt in Egypt • War…France needed a leader, not the weak Directory • November 9, 1799 (Brumaire Coup) • Napoleon saw himself as a child of the French Revolution and spoke of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

  4. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies • set about to establish law and order, fixing corruption and inflation • became a champion of the Philosophes who wanted enlightened despotism • achieved a balanced budget and tax reform • state controlled Bank of France established • gave attention to middle class and peasants as well as nobility • signed a Concordat with Pius VII in 1801, allowing for French Catholics (the preferred religion) to practice religion freely…previous oaths

  5. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies cont. • made education a priority (education would produce good subjects) • Napoleon also limited newspapers during his reign • TheNapoleonic Code (civil code of France, enacted 1804) • reasserted equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property • husbands had control over wives, children, and possessions • women’s jobs were limited and had to give wages to husband

  6. Foreign Policy • Napoleon sent peace feelers to Austria and G.B • 1803, built up his troops along the Channel • Updated the navy • 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor • Now Napoleon was ready to go to war • England was France’s greatest enemy • ready to do battle in 1805...he had a superior navy, on paper • ordered French navy to tackle the British...but Lord Nelson the commander of the English Fleet was a naval genius (Lord Nelson lost his life) • Britain defeated France (and Spanish Fleets) in October 1805 at the battle of Trafalgar • Napoleon wants to “hurt” G.B: • Now Napoleon is going to launch the Continental System (1806)

  7. Tries to Conquer Europe • Napoleon was master of artillery • 1805 - walked through Austerlitz against Austrian and Russian forces, Prussians had remained neutral, Austria signed peace, Russian moved toward home • 1806 - defeated Prussia at Battle of Jena • Napoleon declared the end of the Holy Roman Empire • 1807 - war continued with Prussians, joined by Russians...Napoleon won again, and Alexander I of Russia wanted peace Napoleon was not ready to invade Russia so he signed Armistice at Tilsit • Napoleon was a megalomaniac • Austria and Italian Peninsula had welcomed Napoleon as a savior and liberator, but…

  8. Napoleon Defeated? • 1808-1810, high point of Bonaparte’s empire • June 1812, invaded Russia (vs. General Kutusov) • Kutusovordered retreats, using space & approaching winter • Kutusovretreats behind Moscow and Napoleon & his army are unable to pursue • Kutusov orders Moscow burned to the ground • Napoleon orders retreat in December, • Napoleon arrives safely in France (having abandoned his men) with only 40,000 (maybe 100,000) out of 600,000 • Headed by Metternich of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England form an alliance to defeat France • Bonaparte tries to raise more troops, but without the cavalry and many firearms, Napoleon is forced to abdicate • Napoleon is sent to Elba (tiny island off the coast of Italy)

  9. One of the greatest scenes in history • Louis XVIII (a brother of Louis XVI), King of France • Congress of Vienna • Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris • King Louis XVIII fled France • Battle of Waterloo, 1815 • Napoleon was imprisoned at St. Helena (off the west African coast) and again guarded by the English • dies in 1822

  10. Louis Braille • Born in small village 25 miles from Paris in 1809 • Went blind at age 3 • Went to local school at age 6; learned by remembering, but could not read • At 10, went to Paris to a school for the blind • Students there worked in workshop learning to weave and knit • Had sighted teachers • Used traced books; then learned “night writing”

  11. Night writing • Napoleon had asked for a method • French Army Captain, Charles Barbier developed this for his soldiers • Series of dots and dashes that stood for sounds • To communicate at night without talking or using lights • Barbier took it to the blind school for testing • Not successful

  12. Satisfied? • Louis Braille was not satisfied with this • Took it and ran with it • Developed his own methods, which were ultimately used at the school • Braille taught there • Braille died young (age 43) from TB • Braille’s body was buried in his village, but in 1952…his body was moved to the Pantheon (but not his hands)

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