Source-led enquiry SHP conference 2012 Tim Jenner Jo Richardson Community School, Dagenham Paul Nightingale Sawston Vil

1. Source-led enquiry SHP conference 2012 Tim Jenner Jo Richardson Community School, Dagenham Paul Nightingale Sawston Village College, Cambridge

2. Key skills Drawing inferences Cross-referencing other sources Placing sources in context Construction of sources Enquiry skills

3. Drawing inferences –Team of three

4. Drawing inferences –Team of three Slavery was a lucrative business Families were often split up Many slaves died on the Middle Passage Young slaves were worth the most money Slave-owners wished to destroy African culture amongst the slaves Slaves were controlled by violence

5. Drawing inferences –Team of three German election results 1919-1933

6. Drawing inferences –SPLAT

7. Drawing inferences –Taboo Source 1 (Apostles into Terrorists by Vera Broido, 1977. She spent her childhood with Russian revolutionaries) After several postponements, the peasant reform became law on 19 February 1861. It was solemnly proclaimed in all churches on the eve of the Great Lent, but it fell singularly flat – it satisfied nobody, not even the krespotniki…The peasants receive the reform with complete disbelief; they even suspected the authenticity of the Imperial Manifesto…Soon spokesmen for the peasants…trudged by the hundreds along the interminable Russian roads to see the Tsar and to tell him of the injustice and hardship suffered by his people. Source 2 (Zaionchkovsky, The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia, 1978) The peasant reform safeguarded many traces of feudalism. There can be no doubt that the reform defrauded the peasants. Some of the peasants’ land was reduced…The most onerous conditions of all were the terms of the redemption…Thanks to them, the peasants lost the largest quantity of land…The allotments obtained by private peasants through the reform were for the most part entirely inadequate given the prevailing system of land tenure. Source 3 (From Sir Donald MacKenzie Wallace, Russia on the eve of War and Revolution. 1961 Here an English traveller commented on peasants’ loss of security) If serfs had a great many ill-defined obligations to fulfil under serfdom, such as the carting of the master’s grain to market…they had, on the other hand, a good many ill defined privileges. They grazed their cattle during a part of the year on the manor land; they received firewood and occasionally logs for repairing huts; sometimes the proprietor lent them or gave them a cow or a horse when they had been visited by the cattle plague or the horse stealer; and in times of famine they could look to their master for support. All this has now come to an end. Their burdens and their privileges have been swept away together, and been replaced by clearly defined, unbending, unelastic legal relations.

8. Cross-referencing –Snap – ZOR – Top Trumps A doctor applying leeches to bleed a patient in the late 1700s An illustration showing a gunshot wound being treated. A drawing of barrels of tar being burnt in 1832 at the time of a cholera outbreak A photograph of an operation. ….whatever the people said, the truth is that there were two causes, one general, one particular. The general cause was the close position of the three great planets, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars. This had taken place in 1345 on 24 March in the 14th degree of Aquarius. Such a coming together of planets is always a sign of wonderful, terrible or violent things to come. The particular cause of the disease in each person was the state of the body – bad digestion, weakness and blockage, and for this reason people died.” From ‘On Surgery’, a book written by Guy de Chauliac, in 1365. He was one of the most famous doctors of the 1300s. A cartoon about the River Thames called ‘The Silent Highwayman. Your money or your life’ published in 1858 A drawing of a doctor during the Plague in the seventeenth century. The ‘beak’ was filled with sweet smelling substances An image depicting childbirth

9. Placing sources in context –Source timelines April 22nd, 1922 - Munich The Jew has not grown poorer: he gradually gets bloated, and, if you don't believe me, I would ask you to go to one of our health-resorts; there you will find two sorts of visitors: the German who goes there, perhaps for the first time for a long while, to breathe a little fresh air and to recover his health, and the Jew who goes there to lose his fat. And if you go out to our mountains, whom do you find there in fine brand-new yellow boots with splendid rucksacks in which there is generally nothing that would really be of any use? And why are they there? They go up to the hotel, usually no further than the train can take them: where the train stops, they stop too. And then they sit about somewhere within a mile from the hotel, like blow-flies round a corpse.

10. Placing sources in context –Source timelines February 1st 1933 – Berlin MORE than fourteen years have passed since the unhappy day when the German people, blinded by promises from foes at home and abroad, lost touch with honour and freedom, thereby losing all. Since that day of treachery, the Almighty has withheld his blessing from our people. Dissension and hatred descended upon us. With profound distress millions of the best German men and women from all walks of life have seen the unity of the nation vanishing away, dissolving in a confusion of political and personal opinions, economic interests, and ideological differences. Since that day, as so often in the past, Germany has presented a picture of heart-breaking disunity. We never received the equality and fraternity we had been promised, and we lost our liberty to boot. For when our nation lost its political place in the world, it soon lost its unity of spirit and will.... We are firmly convinced that the German nation entered the fight in 1914 without the slightest feeling of guilt on its part and filled only with the desire to defend the Fatherland which had been attacked and to preserve the freedom, nay, the very existence, of the German people. This being so, we can only see in the disastrous fate which has overtaken us since those November days of 1918 the result of our collapse at home. But the rest of the world, too, has suffered no less since then from overwhelming crises. The balance of power which had evolved in the course of history, and which formerly played no small part in bringing about the understanding of the necessity for an internal solidarity of the nations, with all its advantages for trade and commerce, has been set on one side. The insane conception of victors and vanquished destroyed the confidence existing between nations, and, at the same time, the industry of the entire world. The misery of our people is horrible to behold! Millions of the industrial proletariat are unemployed and starving; the whole of the middle class and the small artisans have been impoverished. When this collapse finally reaches the German peasants, we will be faced with an immeasurable disaster. For then not only shall a nation collapse, but a two-thousand-year-old inheritance, some of the loftiest products of human culture and civilization.

11. Placing sources in context –Source timelines January 30th, 1937 - Berlin The German people once built up a Colonial Empire, without robbing anyone and without any war. This was taken away from us. It was said that the natives did not want to belong to Germany, that the colonies were not administered properly by the Germans, and that these colonies had no true value. If this is true, this valuelessness would also apply to the other nations, and there is no reason why they should wish to keep them from us. Germany has never demanded colonies for military purposes, but exclusively for economic ones. It is obvious that in times of general prosperity the value of certain territories may shrink, but it is just as clear that in time of distress such value changes. Today Germany lives in a time of fierce struggle for foodstuffs and raw materials. Sufficient imports are only conceivable if there is a continued increase in our exports. Therefore the demand for colonies for our densely populated country will again and again be raised as a matter of course.

12. Placing sources in context –seeing a source in context It’s the afternoon. You are now at an art gallery. This isn’t quite what you think it is – look closely. HINTS: How famous is this painting? What has Duchamps done to it? What is he saying about the original painting? Mona Lisa: LHOOOQ by Marcel Duchamps

13. You are Fritz Meyer You are working-class. You served as a private in the war and saw a lot of action at the front. As a result you were promoted to corporal. You cannot understand why the Kaiser abdicated and you think that the “November Criminals” (the democratic politicians like Ebert) betrayed Germany by ending the war and signing Versailles. You are currently unemployed.

14. You are Gertrude Heinemann You used to be a housewife but you are now retired. You have worked hard all of your life and you are currently living off your savings. You liked the Kaiser but you are willing to give the democratic government a chance.

15. You are Gunter Heinemann You used to be a foreman in a steel works but you are now retired. You have worked hard all of your life and you are currently living off your savings. You never really like the Kaiser as you thought that the people should have more say in the running of the country. You do want Germany to be strong and stable.

16. You are Lukas Tannenblatt You are the son of a very rich banker and you have avoided working because your father invested in a munitions factory during the war that made you a lot of money. You long ago spent the last of your inheritance living it up in Berlin and you have even managed to lose all of your investments in a poker game. You now owe the bank a lot of money. You do not really care for politics but you would like Germany to ‘loosen up a bit’ and be a bit more like how you imagine America to be; jazz and dancing girls.

17. You are Maria Scholl You are a hard-working housewife who has struggled to make ends meet since the death of your husband in WWI. You are trying to raise a family of three children on your late husband’s war pension but have now fallen into debt You were in favour of the war at first but after the death of your husband you are just looking for stability and a quiet life.

18. You are Dieter Rosenberg You are upper-middle class You are a lawyer in Berlin. Your clients are usually wealthy business men. You were a captain in the army during the war. You strongly believe that it is the duty of the upper classes to show the lower classes how they should live. You think that the communist takeover in Russia is the most dangerous thing mankind has ever faced.

19. You are Heine Rosencrantz You are working class. You are a committed communist who joined Luxemburg and Liebknecht’s Spartacist revolt and narrowly escaped arrest, Before the war you were the trade union representative in a steelworks. You do not earn a lot but are proud of what you do. You have no savings.

20. You are Eva Rosencrantz You are working class. You are a housewife. Your husband is a committed communist but you still have a soft spot for the old royal family. You live off of your steelworker husband’s wages. You have no savings.

21. You are Paul von Heisenberg You are a Junker (an aristocratic landowner). Your family have owned large estates for hundreds of years. Most of your wealth is in land and property. You are disgusted by the abdication of the Kaiser and you think that the middle-class democratic politicians have no place running Germany.

23. Placing sources in context –Blinkers

24. Placing sources in context –what did they know?

25. Placing sources in context –what did they know?

26. Placing sources in context –what did they know? Turning the pages - http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/vesalius/vesalius.html The Anatomist App - http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist/buy-the-app

27. Construction of sources –Reconstructing a source

28. Construction of sources –Reconstructing a source Hitler’s unkept promises

29. Construction of sources –Reconstructing a source

30. Construction of sources –Reconstructing a source

31. Construction of sources –Reconstructing a source

32. Construction of sources –Incident report

33. Construction of sources –Freeze-framing

34. Enquiring –What does Google know?

35. Enquiring –Philosophy 4 Children

36. Enquiring –Philosophy 4 Children P4C enquiry using the liberation of Belsen as a stimulus Stages: Getting set Stimulus Thinking time Question making Question airing Question choosing First thoughts Building Last thoughts Review

37. Enquiring –Philosophy 4 Children An extract from the diary of Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin DSO who was among the first British soldiers to liberate Bergen-Belsen in 1945. I can give no adequate description of the Horror Camp in which my men and myself were to spend the next month of our lives. It was just a barren wilderness, as bare as a chicken run. Corpses lay everywhere, some in huge piles, sometimes they lay singly or in pairs where they had fallen. It took a little time to get used to seeing men women and children collapse as you walked by them and to restrain oneself from going to their assistance. One had to get used early to the idea that the individual just did not count. One knew that five hundred a day were dying and that five hundred a day were going on dying for weeks before anything we could do would have the slightest effect. It was, however, not easy to watch a child choking to death from diphtheria when you knew a tracheotomy and nursing would save it, one saw women drowning in their own vomit because they were too weak to turn over, and men eating worms as they clutched a half loaf of bread purely because they had to eat worms to live and now could scarcely tell the difference. Piles of corpses, naked and obscene, with a woman too weak to stand propping herself against them as she cooked the food we had given her over an open fire; men and women crouching down just anywhere in the open relieving themselves of the dysentery which was scouring their bowels, a woman standing stark naked washing herself with some issue soap in water from a tank in which the remains of a child floated. It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived, though it may have no connection, that a very large quantity of lipstick arrived. This was not at all what we men wanted, we were screaming for hundreds and thousands of other things and I don't know who asked for lipstick. I wish so much that I could discover who did it, it was the action of genius, sheer unadulterated brilliance. I believe nothing did more for these internees than the lipstick. Women lay in bed with no sheets and no nightie but with scarlet red lips, you saw them wandering about with nothing but a blanket over their shoulders, but with scarlet red lips. I saw a woman dead on the post mortem table and clutched in her hand was a piece of lipstick. At last someone had done something to make them individuals again, they were someone, no longer merely the number tattooed on the arm. At last they could take an interest in their appearance. That lipstick started to give them back their humanity.

38. Question making Now you can come up with the question which we will investigate together. Where should our questions come from? Story world Different good answers One right answer Our world

39. Review Some great philosophical moves: Reasoning – how does this reason support/ oppose another? Examples – can you give an example of...? Defining – What do you mean by...? Finding evidence – What would support that view? Implications – If you think...does that mean...? Spotting connections – Does that link to...? Contradiction – Can they both be right, or do they contradict? Clarification – What exactly does that mean? Uncertainty – Can we be sure? If not why not? Consequences – What would that mean for...? Consistency – Can you...if you believe that? Principles – What’s the big idea behind that? Generalising – Is that always true? Particularising – How would that apply to...? Distinctions – Is this case different from...?