1 / 52

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. Endocrine System. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Organs are not physically connected Alters activities of target organs/cells Purpose: Growth/Development Reproduction Regulation Stress Reactions. Hormones are Activated By. Hormonal Humoral Neural.

anisa
Download Presentation

The Endocrine System

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Endocrine System

  2. Endocrine System • Endocrine vs. Exocrine • Organs are not physically connected • Alters activities of target organs/cells • Purpose: Growth/Development Reproduction Regulation Stress Reactions

  3. Hormones are Activated By • Hormonal • Humoral • Neural

  4. Gland/Hormone Functions • Some glands produce >1 hormone • Some hormones produced by >1 gland • Some organs have >1 function • Some hormones have >1 function

  5. Functions of Endocrine Glands • Endocrine Functions only Production Secretion • Contained within other organs which have other functions

  6. Categories of Glands • Central: Pituitary Hypothalamus • Peripheral: Thyroid Pineal Adrenals Gonads Parathyroids Pancreas Thymus Others

  7. Hypothalamus • Found on floor of diencephalon • Neural and endocrine functions • Biofeedback mechanism for: Osmotic pressures Temperature regulations Metabolic functions

  8. Pituitary • Extends from Hypothalamus-behind sphenoid bone • “Master Gland” of body • Anterior- Portal network • Posterior- Neural-contains axons of Hypothalamus neurons

  9. Anterior Pituitary • GH- Growth Hormone • Prolactin • TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone • ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic • FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone • LH- Luteinizing Hormone

  10. Posterior Pituitary • ADH- Anti-Diuretic Hormone • Oxytocin

  11. Pituitary Disorders • Acromegaly- Hypersecretion of GH • Dwarfism- Hyposecretion of GH

  12. Thyroid • Inferior to larynx • 2 Lobes • T3- Triiodothyronine • T4- Thyroxine • Calcitonin

  13. Thyroid Disorders • Hypothyroidism- Hyposecretion • Hyperthyroidism- Hypersecretion • Graves Disease • Goiters- iron deficiencies

  14. Parathyroids • 4 small glands posterior surface of thyroid • Parathyroid hormone • Responsible for osteoclast of bone • Decreases blood phosphate levels (By way of kidneys) • Enhances activation of Vitamin D

  15. Parathyroid Disorders • Hyperparathyroidism “Moan and groan, stones and bones”

  16. Pineal Gland • Forms part of diencephalon • Melatonin • Inhibits hypothalamus release of gonadotropins • Melatonin-decreases in light/increase in dark (circadian rhythm)

  17. Thymus Gland • Posterior to sternum, around great vessels • Thymosin • Both lymphatic and endocrine • Lymphatic- produces T-lymphocytes • Endocrine- ‘programs’ T-cells

  18. The Adrenals • Located on superior end of each kidney • Medulla- inner gland • Cortex- outer gland

  19. Adrenal Medulla • Sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse on cells in medulla • Release of epinephrine/norepinephrine into general circulation

  20. Adrenal Cortex • Produce over 30 steroid hormones • Three main cortical hormones Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones

  21. Mineralocorticoids • Regulate levels of electrolytes and water in extracellular fluid • 95% are aldosterone • Sodium reabsorption • Potassium excretion

  22. Glucocorticoids • Influence carbohydrate metabolism • Important in body’s response to stress • 95% cortisol (hydrocortisone) stimulates gluconeogenesis secretion is regulated by ACTH

  23. Sex Hormones • Androgens (testosterone) • Estrogens • Both are secreted in greater numbers by gonads

  24. Adrenal Disorders • Cushing’s disease- cortisol over-production secondary to increased ACTH • Addison’s Disease- cortisol/aldosterone deficiencies

  25. Gonads • Testes- males Testosterone • Ovaries- females Estrogens Progesterone • Both produce hormones/gametes

  26. Pancreas • Retroperitoneal-posterior to stomach • Exocrine & Endocrine • Endocrine- islets of Langerhans Alpha Beta Delta

  27. Alpha cells • 20% of islets • Hormone glucagon • Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver- raises glucose levels in blood (glycogenolysis & glyconeogenesis)

  28. Beta Cells • 75% of islets • Hormone- insulin • Decreases glucose levels

  29. Glucose Metabolism • Organic components of food: Carbohydrates (instant-energy) Glucose Fats Fatty acids/glycerols Proteins Amino acids

  30. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Insulin is released by humoral, hormonal, neural means Increased glucose Parasympathetic stimulation Gastrointestinal hormones

  31. Carbohydrate Metabolism • 60% of carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in liver • If muscles are not exercised after eating-stored as muscle glycogen

  32. Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate and lactate- releasing 2ATPs (Anaerobic metabolism) Krebs Cycle

  33. Fat Metabolism • A third of any glucose passing through liver is converted to fatty acids • Fatty acids are converted to triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue

  34. Fat Metabolism • Without insulin, fat is broken back down into triglycerides/cholesterol  CAD • Fatty acids are also broken down into ketone bodies

  35. Protein Metabolism • In absence of insulin- protein storage stops and breakdown begins (muscle) • Amino acid breakdown for energy leads to increased urea in urine organ dysfunction

  36. Pancreas Disorders • Diabetes- • Type 1- Juvenile onset • Type 2- Mature onset • Gestational diabetes

  37. Type 1 Diabetes • Insulin dependant • S/S: polyuria polydipsia polyphagia blurred vision weight loss

  38. Type 2 Diabetes • Generally non-insulin dependant • Has ability to make small amounts of insulin • Can develop into insulin dependant

  39. Gestational Diabetes • Develops during pregnancy • Deficiencies in insulin leads to inability to metabolize carbohydrates • Generally disappears after delivery

  40. Insulin Agents • Early- porcine, bovine • Recent- genetic engineered human insulin • Protein • Rapid, intermediate and long-term • Combination of long-term, rapid each day

  41. Insulin Types • Regular- Fast acting 0.5-1 hour onset 6-8 hour duration • NPH- Intermediate 1-1.5 hour onset 24 hour duration

  42. Insulin Types • Ultralente- Long acting 4-6 hour onset 36 hour duration • Oral agents: • Diabinese (chlorpropamide) • Orinase (tolbutamide) • Micronase (glyburide) • Glucotrol

  43. Diabetic Emergencies • Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) • Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNK)

  44. Hypoglycemia • Rapid on-set • < 60 mg/dl • Causes: too much insulin decreased intake salicylates excessive activity beta blockers emotional stress hypothermia chronic alcoholism sepsis

  45. S/S of Hypoglycemia • Altered LOCs- irritability, nervousness, confusion, combative • Cool, clammy • Weak, rapid pulse • Snoring,  salivation • Normal BP

  46. Diabetic Ketoacidosis • Fat metabolism leads to ketoacids • Acidosis leads to  K+ in circulation & hyperkaluria  K+ deficiency • Osmotic diuresis  dehydration, electrolyte imbalances

  47. S/S of DKA • Warm, dry skin • Dry mucous membranes • Tachycardia, thready pulse • Postural hypotension • Weight loss • ‘Polys’

  48. S/S of DKA • Abdominal pain • Anorexia, nausea/vomiting • Acetone breath • Kussmauls • Decreased LOC

  49. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma • Generally Type II diabetic • Osmotic diuresis secondary to  sugars • Not acidotic as in DKA • Factors: Geriatric Preexisting diseases Increased insulin requirements Medication use- thiazide, diuretics Parenteral/enteral feedings

  50. S/S of HHNK • Weakness • Thirst • Polyuria • Weight Loss • Extreme dehydration

More Related