1 / 45

Recap from Friday

Recap from Friday. Pinhole camera model Perspective projections Lenses and their flaws Focus Depth of field Focal length and field of view. What is wrong with this picture?. What is wrong with this picture?. Capturing Light… in man and machine. Many slides by Alexei A. Efros.

angus
Download Presentation

Recap from Friday

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Recap from Friday • Pinhole camera model • Perspective projections • Lenses and their flaws • Focus • Depth of field • Focal length and field of view

  2. What is wrong with this picture?

  3. What is wrong with this picture?

  4. Capturing Light… in man and machine Many slides by Alexei A. Efros CS 195g: Computational Photography James Hays, Brown, Spring 2010

  5. Image Formation Digital Camera Film The Eye

  6. Digital camera • A digital camera replaces film with a sensor array • Each cell in the array is light-sensitive diode that converts photons to electrons • Two common types • Charge Coupled Device (CCD) • CMOS • http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/digital-camera.htm Slide by Steve Seitz

  7. Sensor Array CMOS sensor

  8. Sampling and Quantization

  9. Interlace vs. progressive scan http://www.axis.com/products/video/camera/progressive_scan.htm Slide by Steve Seitz

  10. Progressive scan http://www.axis.com/products/video/camera/progressive_scan.htm Slide by Steve Seitz

  11. Interlace http://www.axis.com/products/video/camera/progressive_scan.htm Slide by Steve Seitz

  12. The Eye • The human eye is a camera! • Iris - colored annulus with radial muscles • Pupil - the hole (aperture) whose size is controlled by the iris • What’s the “film”? • photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina Slide by Steve Seitz

  13. The Retina

  14. Light Retina up-close

  15. Two types of light-sensitive receptors Cones cone-shaped less sensitive operate in high light color vision Rods rod-shaped highly sensitive operate at night gray-scale vision © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  16. Rod / Cone sensitivity The famous sock-matching problem…

  17. Distribution of Rods and Cones Night Sky: why are there more stars off-center? © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  18. Eye Movements • Saccades • Microsaccades • Ocular microtremor (OMT)

  19. Electromagnetic Spectrum Human Luminance Sensitivity Function http://www.yorku.ca/eye/photopik.htm

  20. Visible Light Why do we see light of these wavelengths? …because that’s where the Sun radiates EM energy © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  21. The Physics of Light Any patch of light can be completely described physically by its spectrum: the number of photons (per time unit) at each wavelength 400 - 700 nm. © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  22. The Physics of Light Some examples of the spectra of light sources © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  23. Yellow Blue Purple Red 400 700 400 700 400 700 400 700 The Physics of Light Some examples of the reflectance spectra of surfaces % Photons Reflected Wavelength (nm) © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  24. mean area variance The Psychophysical Correspondence There is no simple functional description for the perceived color of all lights under all viewing conditions, but …... A helpful constraint: Consider only physical spectra with normal distributions © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  25. # Photons Wavelength The Psychophysical Correspondence Mean Hue © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  26. # Photons Wavelength The Psychophysical Correspondence Variance Saturation © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  27. # Photons Wavelength The Psychophysical Correspondence Area Brightness © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  28. Physiology of Color Vision Three kinds of cones: • Why are M and L cones so close? • Why are there 3? © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002

  29. More Spectra metamers

  30. Color Sensing in Camera (RGB) • 3-chip vs. 1-chip: quality vs. cost • Why more green? Why 3 colors? http://www.cooldictionary.com/words/Bayer-filter.wikipedia Slide by Steve Seitz

  31. Practical Color Sensing: Bayer Grid • Estimate RGBat ‘G’ cells from neighboring values http://www.cooldictionary.com/words/Bayer-filter.wikipedia Slide by Steve Seitz

  32. RGB color space • RGB cube • Easy for devices • But not perceptual • Where do the grays live? • Where is hue and saturation? Slide by Steve Seitz

  33. HSV • Hue, Saturation, Value (Intensity) • RGB cube on its vertex • Decouples the three components (a bit) • Use rgb2hsv() and hsv2rgb() in Matlab Slide by Steve Seitz

  34. Project #1 • How to compare R,G,B channels? • No right answer • Sum of Squared Differences (SSD): • Normalized Correlation (NCC):

  35. Image half-sizing This image is too big to fit on the screen. How can we reduce it? How to generate a half- sized version?

  36. Image sub-sampling 1/8 1/4 • Throw away every other row and column to create a 1/2 size image • - called image sub-sampling Slide by Steve Seitz

  37. Image sub-sampling 1/2 1/4 (2x zoom) 1/8 (4x zoom) Aliasing! What do we do? Slide by Steve Seitz

  38. Gaussian (lowpass) pre-filtering G 1/8 G 1/4 Gaussian 1/2 • Solution: filter the image, then subsample • Filter size should double for each ½ size reduction. Why? Slide by Steve Seitz

  39. Subsampling with Gaussian pre-filtering Gaussian 1/2 G 1/4 G 1/8 Slide by Steve Seitz

  40. Compare with... 1/2 1/4 (2x zoom) 1/8 (4x zoom) Slide by Steve Seitz

  41. Gaussian (lowpass) pre-filtering G 1/8 G 1/4 Gaussian 1/2 • Solution: filter the image, then subsample • Filter size should double for each ½ size reduction. Why? • How can we speed this up? Slide by Steve Seitz

  42. Image Pyramids • Known as a Gaussian Pyramid [Burt and Adelson, 1983] • In computer graphics, a mip map [Williams, 1983] • A precursor to wavelet transform Slide by Steve Seitz

  43. A bar in the big images is a hair on the zebra’s nose; in smaller images, a stripe; in the smallest, the animal’s nose Figure from David Forsyth

  44. What are they good for? • Improve Search • Search over translations • Like project 1 • Classic coarse-to-fine strategy • Search over scale • Template matching • E.g. find a face at different scales • Pre-computation • Need to access image at different blur levels • Useful for texture mapping at different resolutions (called mip-mapping)

  45. Gaussian pyramid construction filter mask • Repeat • Filter • Subsample • Until minimum resolution reached • can specify desired number of levels (e.g., 3-level pyramid) • The whole pyramid is only 4/3 the size of the original image! Slide by Steve Seitz

More Related