Eight Constructs

1. Eight Constructs The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation Intelligence Measures Constructional Dyspraxia *Working Memory* *Executive Functions* Writing and Spelling Skills Phonological Awareness Skills Retrieval Fluency Skills Family History

2. Levels of Interpretation: WISC IV The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation Subtest Vocabulary Similarities Comprehension Digit Span Letter-number seq Picture concepts *Coding Writing Subskill General lexicon of words Verbal flexibility Verbal syntax Working memory Working memory Visual/verbal flexibility Motor speed output

3. Constructional Dyspraxia The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation Spacing between words and letters Bunching words to one side of page Sentences which trail up or down Micrographia vs. Macrographia Print quality Grip pressure Fatigue

4. Working Memory The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation • Skills performed in isolation vs. context often dictate role of executive component in allocating attention. • Phonological information tends to be stored in a sequential manner. • Students who misjudge margins, have difficulty previewing how large to write to fit the parameters, and have unusual spacing may have limited visual sketchpad. • Role of anxiety and emotional factors. • Frequent erasures.

5. Executive Functioning The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation (Semantic/Syntactic Dysgraphia) Initiating Sustaining Inhibiting Shifting Organizing Planning Self-Monitoring

6. Writing and Spelling Skills The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation • Examine from both a quantitative as well as qualitative perspective. • Concentrate on pace, fatigue, effort, and motivation to yield more specific IEP goals. • Error analysis of spelling and motoric output can be helpful.

7. Phonological Awareness Skills The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation (Phonological Dysgraphia) • Single best predictor of reading and writing skills in kindergarten and 1st grade. (Lyon,1996) • Deficits often result in dysphonetic spelling.

8. Developmental Progression of Phonological Awareness Skills The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation Age 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-12 Skill Mastery Recite nursery rhymes Detect rhyming words Count phonemes in words Sound-symbol associations Manipulation of phonemes Spell non-words Rapid recognition of sound patterns.

9. Retrieval Fluency The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation • Naming speed and fluency better predictor of literacy deficits than phonological awareness. (Wolf, 1999) • Tied in to verbal flexibility. • Role of anxiety and hippocampal functioning.

10. Family History The 90 Minute Dysgraphia Evaluation • Limited data in the literature. • Child with learning disabled parent has eightfold increase in risk of being LD. (Pennington, 1995) • Colorado twin study revealed 70% concordance rate among identical twins and 48% among fraternal twins. • Research centered around chromosome 6 and 15.

11. Phonological Dysgraphia Dysgraphia Interventions • Alphabetic Phonics • Making Words • Writing to Read

12. Surface Dysgraphia Dysgraphia Interventions • Cover-Write Method • Fernald Method • Visual Spelling

13. Mixed Dysgraphia Dysgraphia Interventions • Musical Spelling • Language Experience Approach • CAST - Universal Design for Learning • Software Strategies

14. Semantic/Syntactic Dysgraphia Dysgraphia Interventions • Writing Skills for the Adolescent • Sentence Combining • CAST - Universal Design for Learning • Step Up to Writing - (Sopris West) • Software Strategies

15. Executive Functioning Deficits Dysgraphia Interventions • COPS • SCAN • SCOPE • C-SPACE • POWER

16. Working Memory Deficits Dysgraphia Interventions • Graphic Organizers • Story Maps • Writing Wheels

17. Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Inferior Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe 22 23 24 31