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Distillers Grains for Dairy Cows

Alvaro Garcia DMV Ph.D . Professor South Dakota State University. Distillers Grains for Dairy Cows. Corn and Ethanol Plants in the US. The U.S. Market. Increase in: Ethanol production . Local co-product availability . Exports . . US Distillers Grains Exports. DDGS Exports.

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Distillers Grains for Dairy Cows

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  1. AlvaroGarcia DMV Ph.D. Professor South Dakota StateUniversity DistillersGrainsfor Dairy Cows

  2. Corn and Ethanol Plants in the US

  3. The U.S. Market Increase in: • Ethanolproduction. • Local co-productavailability. • Exports.

  4. US Distillers Grains Exports

  5. DDGS Exports • Increased 100% from 2008 to 2009 and 60% from 2009 to 2010. • More than 25% of total U.S. distillers grains production (9 million T), was exported in 2010. • China was the largest buyer in 2010 (2.5 million T, or 28% of the total). • Mexico, Canada, South Korea, and Vietnam the remaining top importers in 2010. • More than 50 countries imported U.S. distillers grains in 2010, up from less than 20 countries a decade ago.

  6. Nutritional Profile • Yields: 100 kg corn= 33 L ethanol+ 33 kg DDGS + CO2. • 97-99% of starchisfermentedtoethanol • Three-foldconcentration in remainingnutrients. • Source of bypass protein and digestible fiber.

  7. Nutrient composition of corn and DDGS

  8. Concerns with DDGS • Variability • Caking • Antibiotics • Mycotoxins • Minerals

  9. 1. Variability

  10. Heat Damages Protein • Heat binds protein with sugars (Maillard reaction) • Bound protein is indigestible with Lysine suffering the most damage. • Dietswith 20% DDGS haveLysine as the firstlimiting AA (Nichols et al. 1998). • ADIN analysis is good indicator of heat damage (Chase. 1991)

  11. Heat Damage and AA • ADIN in DDGS (7.8 to27.9%) of total N (Nakamuraet al. 1994)

  12. Color Variation in DDGS High ADIN Low ADIN

  13. Protein Utilization • Bypass protein 56  8%1 • Intestinal digestibility: 81  5%1to 93%2. • Soluble protein: 28.5% of CP3. 1Stern et al.1995; 2Grings et al. 1992; 3Powers et al.1995

  14. Rumen Degradation of Proteinand Total Intestinal Digestibility of DDGS and SoybeanProducts. Source: DeGroot et al. 2007

  15. 2. Caking • May not flow easily • Worse in summer and with higher moisture • Temperature • Fat content • Particle size • Range 612 to 2125 microns • Density (bulk) • Range 493 a 630 kg/m3 Source: Shurson. 2010

  16. 3. Antibiotics • Purpose: control lactobacillus and increases ethanol yields. Virginiamycin(0.25-2.0 ppm) • Destroyed by drying temperatures. Penicillin (1 g/1000 L) • Inactivated by ethanol and degraded at low pH Source: Shurson. 2010

  17. 4. Mycotoxins • Main mycotoxins • Aflatoxins(carcinogen regulated by FDA) • Vomitoxin(DON)feed refusals • Fumonisin carcinogen • Zearalenone- Reproductive problems Garcia et al. 2008

  18. 5. Minerals Sulfur • Range: 0.31 to 1.93% • Sulfuric acid use • ¿Polioencephalomalacia in cattle? Sodium • Range: 0.01 to 0.53; problem particularly in poultry Phosphorus • Can be up to 1% • Problem at high supplementation levels and high environmental loads.

  19. Sorghum Distillers Grains • Early research: • Loosliand Warner (1957) compared the value for milk production of corn DDGS, sorghum DDGS, and both corn and sorghum dried solubles. • No differences were found between DDGS source. • Diets that contained ethanol co-products resulted in greater 4% FCM, and greater milk fat percentage.

  20. Chemical Composition (% dry matter unless otherwise noted) of different cereal grains. Source: Kalscheur et al. 2011

  21. Sorghum Distillers Grains Sorghum: • Grown primarily in semiarid and dry parts of the world. • Advantages: • It requires less water and input costs than corn, • It can be cultured in marginal lands, • Yield/Ha can be similar to corn • Ethanol plants paid only $17 less per Ton of sorghum. U.S. Sorghum Checkoff Program. 2009 • Currently 14 U.S. bio-refineries have used or are currently using sorghum in ethanol production.  In most cases a mixed grain ranging from 10% to 100% sorghum.  • Plants that use 100% sorghum: Kansas (Oakley and Phillipsburg) and Portales, NM.  U.S. Sorghum Checkoff Program. 2009 • Of the sorghum produced in KS and TX 43 and 23% is used for ethanol production, respectively. U.S. Sorghum Checkoff Program. 2009

  22. Starch granules More loosely Encapsulated Endosperm: Starch-protein Matrix • Sorghum grain structure: • 84% endosperm, half flinty, characterized by smaller starch granules, tightly enveloped by continuous protein matrix. • Protein matrix: highly insoluble glutelin and prolamin. Starch granules firmly encased in the matrix proteIN-prolamin. Source: Gibbon et al. 2003

  23. Sorghum • This protein matrix, makes sorghum the most resistant grain to microbial fermentation (FEDNA, 2004). • Slightly lower starch (67.7%) and fat (3.3%), than corn and greater fiber content = lower NE content (1.85 Mcal/kg NEL). • Starch content of 70 sorghum varieties: 64 to 74%. • Wang et al. 2008

  24. Tannins • Wang et al. (2008) found no differences due to grain color, except for brown tannin-containing varieties. • Results with those varieties confirmed that high tannin genetic lines are not adequate for ethanol production. Fluorescence photomicrograph. Of cross-section of a non-tannin left and a tannin (right) sorghum kernel (Adapted from Earl 2004)

  25. Sorghum Ethanol Yields • Conversion to ethanol efficiency: 86 to 93.8%. Wang et al. 2008 • Variations in ethanol yields could be as high as 7.4%, particularly due to high amylose concentration in some varieties.

  26. Sorghum Distillers Grains • More CP reported in sorghum DG than corn DG (34.1 vs. 31.2 %); range between 24.4 and 45%. • Variations have also been observed among DG produced in a same plant. • Depenbuschet al. (2009) reported 45 and 34% CP for dried and wet sorghum DDGS, respectively. • In this same experiment, the CP concentration between wet and dried corn DDGS varied by only 3%.

  27. Sorghum Distillers Grains • Average fat in sorghum DDGS were similar to corn (11.3 vs. 11.9%). • Starch (8.8%) and ADF (22.7%) were greater than in corn DDGS. • Darker color, frequently due to the color of the variety and not heat damage.

  28. Chemical Composition (% dry matter unless otherwise noted) of different distillers grains. 1Nutrients: NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber, CP = crude protein, ADICP = acid detergent insoluble CP, NEM = net energy for maintenance, NEG = net energy for gain and NEL = net energy for lactation; 2Corn distillers grains. Adapted from Shelford and Tait (1986), Weiss et al. (1989), Lodge et al. (1997), Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002), Greter et al (2008), Urriola et al. (2009), Depenbusch et al. (2009), Nuez-Ortin and Yu (2009), May et al. (2010), McKeown et al. (2010), Oba et al. (2010) and Van De Kerckhove (2010). 3 Sorghum distillers grains. Adapted from Lodge et al. (1997), Al-Suwaiegh et al. (2002), Urriola et al. (2009), Depenbusch et al. (2009) and May et al. (2010). 4 Wheat distillers grains. Adapted from Boila and Ingalls (1994), Ojowi et al. (1997), Mustafa et al. (2000), Beliveau and McKinnon (2008), Gibb, Hao and McAllister (2008), Nuez-Ortin and Yu (2009), Penner, Yu and Christensen (2009), Au et al. (2010), McKeown et al. (2010), Zhang (2010) and Van De Kerckhove (2010). 5 Barley distillers grains. Adapted from Wu (1986), Weiss et al. (1989), Sosulski et al. (1997), Mustafa, McKinnon and Christensen (2000b) and Mustafa et al. (2000). 6 Triticale distillers grains. Adapted from Mustafa et al. (2000), Greter et al. (2008), Au et al. (2010), McKeown et al. (2010) and Oba et al. (2010). 7 Rye distillers grains.Adapted from Shelford and Tait (1986), Wang et al. (1998) and Mustafa et al. (2000). 8Data is reported as means ± the standard deviation. 9NA= not available.

  29. Production response

  30. Dairy Cow Experiment • Diets contained DDGS or WDG or corn + h. soja (control). • Both forms of DG at 0 (control), 10, or 20% of DM. • DDGS and WDG were from the same ethanol plant.

  31. Ladd. 2005. MS thesis.

  32. Ladd. 2005. MS thesis.

  33. RESULTS • Feed efficiency (ECM/DMI): 1.70, 1.79, 1.87, 1.84, and 1.92 for C, 10%DDGS, 20% DDGS, 10% WDG y 20% WDG, respectively. • Digest. of DDGS and WDG very similar (except CP). • Cows with20% DDGS or WDG tended to have > CP in milk and > efficiency compared to 10%.

  34. CONCLUSIONS • Dried DGs’ can replace part of corn and SBM used in the diet. • They can be used at 20% of diet DM without negative affecting lactation. • Milk fat and protein increased in diets with DGs’. • One limitation can be the high fat content; check other feeds in the diet that contribute fat.

  35. Distillers Grains in Growing Animals

  36. Suministro de DDGS a vaquillonas

  37. Recommendations for Growing Dairy Heifers • Weight gains: 0.86 kg/d. (NRC. 2001). • Fats deposits reduce future production and increase calving difficulty and metabolic disorders. • Monitoring growth (weight and height) is critical. 18

  38. Challenges • Limit the energy of the diet: restrict intake or include low energy feeds . • Forages with high NDF content and low in digestibility limit intake. • High NDF forages supply variable amounts of energy depending on their digestibility. • DDGS can be included up to 20-30% of the diet. • Include high-fiber roughage to balance effective fiber requirements or restrict intake.

  39. Feeds Frequently Used in Growing Heifer Diets. Nutrient content of selected feeds Nutrient content, % Garcia and Kalscheur. 2006.

  40. Diets in the Field

  41. Commercial Heifer Diet, MN • DDGS 32% DM • Holstein heifers. • Open and bred in the same lot.

  42. 525-700 pounds 525-700 lbs 240 – 320 kgs

  43. Important • Minimize sorting • Chopped roughage • Feed more than once daily • Check amounts offered, refusals, and manure • Water available at all times

  44. Final Recommendations

  45. How Much to Feed? Suggested levels • Up to 20% of the DM (4 kg. DDGS/d) No palatability problems. Easy to balance diets. • At 30% : More difficult to balance diets properly, particularly with other high protein feeds (i.e. alfalfa).

  46. When Balancing Diets Verify Limitants • Total dietary protein (degradability ?) • Total dietary fat (unsaturated?) • Effective fiber • Amino acid profile • Total dietary phosphorus

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