Scientists of the Scientific Revolution

1. Scientists of the Scientific Revolution Clockwise from top: Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes, and Ptolemy

3. Astronomy

5. Historical figures in the Copernican Revolution Ptolemy – the geocentric model, that the Earth is at rest at the center of the Universe. Copernicus – published the heliocentric model. Galileo – his observations by telescope verified the heliocentric model. Kepler – deduced empirical laws of planetary motion from Tycho’s observations of planetary positions. Newton – developed the full theory of planetary orbits. ISP 209 - 3A

6. The Copernican Revolution ISP 209 - 3A

7. The Geocentric Theory vs. The Heliocentric Theory

8. The Geocentric Theory • The earth is located at the center of the universe and all the planets revolve around the earth.

9. Geocentric Cont….. • The Geocentric theory was believed by the Catholic church especially because the church taught that God put earth as the center of the universe which made earth special and powerful. • The idea of the Earth actually movingwas widely felt as a foolish suggestion because, as they saw it, if the Earth was moving they would be able to feel it.

10. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) • Developed an early model based on the concept of uniform circular motion. He placed the earth at the center of the universe and all of the planets, sun and stars around it. • When Aristotle lived, if a person could “reason” out why something happened, then you didn’t need to do any experiments to see what would happen.

11. Scientific Revolution” Helio-Centric Theory of the Universe • Sun at the center of the universe, with the planets orbiting the sun • Created by Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), a Polish astronomer

12. In the realm of change, the natural motion of earthy materials was to seek the center of the universe. • This is why Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos. • This is also his explanation for why objects fall when dropped. • A dropped object is just following its natural tendency to seek the center of the universe.

13. Aristotle reasoned that if the earth rotated about its axis, we should fly off into space. Since we don't, the earth must be stationary. • It would be almost 1900 years before Galileo introduced the concepts of gravity and inertia that explain why these effects are not observed even though the earth does move.

14. Ptolemy (140 A.D.) • Ptolemyadvanced the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. • He added mathematics to support the theory

15. How did Ptolemy Explain this Problem? • Ptolemy used geometric models to predict the positions of the sun, moon, and planets, using combinations of circular motion known as epicycles. • An epicycle is an orbit within an orbit • Having set up this model, Ptolemy then went on to describe the mathematics which he needed in the rest of the work.

16. Ptolemy’s Model – Epicycles Included

17. The Heliocentric Theory • The Sun is the center of our solar system

18. Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This was highly controversial at the time. • The Ptolemaic model had been widely accepted in Europe for 1000 years when Copernicus proposed his model.

19. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Early scientists • Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math • Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first • Copernicus • Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate • Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system • Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun • Copernicus’ theory • Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new • Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process • Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system

20. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life • Knew church would oppose work • Work contradicted teachings of church • Weaknesses of theory • Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well • Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses • Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas

21. Copernicus was told by many scholars that he should make his new findings accessible to others by publishing it. • In 1543 the book called "On the revolutions of the heavenly bodies" was released. • Copernicus's book had a great impact that angered the Catholic and Protestant Church. • The Church became so angry – the Geocentric theory made human beings seem closer to God and since earth was in the center that meant humans were more special. • The heliocentric theory changed that perspective completely, making humans lose that position in the universe.

22. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish priest studied in Italy • returns to Poland and works on Astronomy • writes De Revolutionibus Orbitum Coelestitum (On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) • Earth is just another planet with a 24 hour rotation • retains circular planetary motion (perfection of the sphere).

23. Copernicus • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. • Proposed a sun-centered view. (helio-centric) • Universe consisted of 8 spheres. • Planets including earth rotated around the sun but the moon revolved around the earth. • Apparent revolution of the sun and stars around the earth was due to the rotation of the earth. • Did not reject the Ptolemaic vision of the fixed spheres. • His views did not make a big splash either pro or con, but there was growing dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic view.

24. Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) • Polish astronomer and mathematician • Introduced to scientific world when he attended the University of Krakow in Poland in 1492 • Appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg where he remained for the rest of his life • Rheticus, a student Copernicus took on in 1539, convinced Copernicus to allow him to publish his works before death

25. Copernicus’s Scientific Theories: • Considered the founder of modern science • Believed that the earth was round and the earth revolved around the sun (contrary to popular belief) • The heliocentric theory was not new, but Copernicus established the mathematical basis • To avoid the risk of persecution, excommunication, or imprisonment because his were revolutionary and contrary to church beliefs, Copernicus worked in privacy for more than 30 years; just before his death, friends helped to published his work • Copernicus’s theory was first taught in several universities in the 1500s and permeated the scientific world by 1600

26. Copernicus Cont: • “Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as they say, 'with both eyes open’.”- Copernicus “The earth also is spherical, since it presses upon its center from every direction.”-Copernicus

28. Nicolaus Copernicus • The Earth moves, in two ways. • It rotates on an axis (period = 1 day). • It revolves around the sun (period = 1 year). ISP 209 - 3A

29. The Copernican Universe

31. The heliocentric model The reasons for seasons – the Earth travels around the sun, and its axis of rotation is tilted by 23.5 degrees to the plane of the orbit. In July, the northern hemisphere is getting more sunlight than in January. ISP 209 - 3A

32. ISP 209 - 3A

33. The Copernican Model ISP 209 - 3A

34. Giordano Bruno: 1548 – 1600 AD • Italian monk • Believed Copernicus was right and that the earth revolved around the sun • Believed the earth was alive because it moves through space • Believed the universe is huge and everything is made up of atoms • He did not do original research; just used reason and speculation. • Bruno wandered around Europe teaching and writing for a living. • He returned to Italy and found trouble

35. Bruno vs the Inquisition • Bruno had been offered a teaching job in Venice and thought his employer would protect him. • Instead, Bruno was arrested by the Inquisition for not supporting the Geo-Centric Theory • After seven years in prison, Bruno was tried as a heretic. • On February 6, 1600, he was burned at the stake for his scientific ideas.

36. The Baroque Setting • In the 1600s church through counter-reformation much stricter • G. BRUNO (Italian; 1548) proposes that the Sun is just one star out of an infinite number burned at the stake for heresy 1600 • 30 Years War (1618-1648) between religions • New inventions: telescope, air pump, etc.

38. Tycho Brahe Believed geocentric uni-verse is Scriptural Built equipment to prove Copernican model wrong Greatest naked-eye astronomer of all time Proposed a geocentric model that saved all appearances

39. Tycho Brahe(1546-1601) • Danish astronomer • Established an observatory to study heavenly bodies • Accumulated a lot of data on planetary movements • His tables of astronomical observation was used by Kepler to prove Copernicus’s helio-centric hypothesis

40. Brahe Cont: • Believed that the development of astronomy relied on accurate observation • Made lots of astronomical observation with the naked eye • Built and calibrated numerous new instruments including: • Created a domicile and observatory which he called Uraniborg

41. Tycho Brahe’s original model

42. Modified Tychonic Model

44. Brahe Cont. Uraniborg Azimuth Quadrant made in 1577. Instrument for measuring altitude Instrument to measure angles

45. Key question:Where are things? Catalogued positions of planets in Uraniborg and Prague Working without telescope Data ten times as accurate as before Died at banquet binge drinking Tycho Brahe – The Data Taker Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)

46. Tycho Brahe - An Observer • Tycho Brahe was a prominent scholar and aristocrat in Denmark in the mid-late 1500's • He made a huge number of observations of the stars and planets, all with the naked eye • Even without a telescope, he was very accurate in his measurements • Also recorded the appearance of comets and supernovae • The Tycho supernova remnant is still visible today Tycho (1546-1601)

47. collects detailed and accurate (1-2’ accuracy) observations of stellar and planetary positions over a period of 20 years His research costed 5-10% of Danish GNP shows that comets and novas are extralunar contrary to Aristotle Shows that stars can change (Supernova of 1572) Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe observing

48. Observations Kepler, German Mathematician • Brahe used observatories • Developed system to explain planetary movement • Believed sun revolved around earth • Other five known planets revolved around sun • Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets • Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death Brahe and Kepler • Brahe, Danish Astronomer • Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star • Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth • Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II • Gave Brahe money to build two observatories

49. Johannes Kepler - A Theorist • Shortly before his death, Tycho began working with another scientist named Kepler • Kepler was put to the task of creating a model to fit all of Tycho's planetary data • Kepler spent the remainder of his life formulating a set of laws that explained the motion of the planets Kepler (1571 - 1630)

50. Astrologer and Mystic Tried to find “music in the skies” Tried to explain distances of the 5 known planets by spheres resting on the 5 mathematical bodies  pre-scientific Kepler’s Beginnings