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Amphibian Fungal Disease Dynamics

Amphibian Fungal Disease Dynamics. Chytridiomycosis fungus dynamics in wildlife Gabriela Rios-Sotelo Vance Vredenburg Lab San Francisco State University. Emerging disease. Amphibian diversity. Emerging disease. Global amphibian declines. Number 1 most threatened vertebrate

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Amphibian Fungal Disease Dynamics

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  1. Amphibian Fungal Disease Dynamics Chytridiomycosisfungus dynamics in wildlife Gabriela Rios-Sotelo Vance Vredenburg Lab San Francisco State University

  2. Emerging disease Amphibian diversity

  3. Emerging disease Global amphibian declines • Number 1 most threatened vertebrate • 1/3 (32%) of amphibians are threatened species • May be on the brink of a sixth mass extinction • Many reasons for declines • Recently… • INFECTIOUS DISEASE

  4. Chytridiomycosis (chytrid) • Largest disease-caused loss of species in history • 200 species already driven to extinction • Fungal pathogen specific to amphibians • Transmitted by aquatic zoospores • Infects keratin layers of amphibian skin • Thickened skin leading to blocked osmotic regulation and electrolyte transport Skerratt et al 2007; Voyles et al 2009

  5. Batrachocytriumdendrobatidis(Bd) lifecycle

  6. Chytrid Dynamics Many questions… • Where did this disease originate? How did amphibians in this area come to live robustly with this fungus? Can we use this knowledge to efficiently protect other species worldwide? • How can we control further disease spread? • How do some species survive with infection while others do not? • How does this particular microbe interact as a skin disease? Does it compete for food and space with other skin microbes? Does this have to do with why some species are more susceptible than others? • How does Bd’s assn. with it’s abiotic environment influence it’s dispersal, susceptibiltyand other factors?

  7. Emerging disease in Asia Worldwide distribution ? Fisher et al 2009 • Bd has been well documented all over the world except Asia

  8. Emerging disease in Asia Bd in Asia • Most unique and diverse areas in the world for amphibian fauna • Recent papers in China, Japan and South Korea show low infection rates and no signs of mass amphibian declines

  9. Emerging disease in Asia Disease Dymanics K Upton • Two hypothesis for Bd emergence • Novel pathogen hypothesis (NPH) • Emerging endemic hypothesis (EEH) EEH pattern would show constant infection prevalence levels demonstrating coevolution in area of origin Berger et al 1998; Rashowicz et al 2005; Pounds et al 2006

  10. Emerging disease in Asia Bd in Japan • 1st distribution of Bd in Japan • Low infection rates • Many haplotypes • Vector mediated spread

  11. Emerging disease in Asia • AS well as the oldest museum specimen record documented with Bd • 1902 Andriasjaponicus K Sweet 2008

  12. Emerging disease in Asia Using museum specimens and PCR to test for Bd • New method developed From Dr. Alex Hyatt’s PCR detection method adapted by Tina Cheng allows Bd detection in preserved museum specimens

  13. Emerging disease in Asia Bd disease Map of Japan

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