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Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord. Extends from the __________________ to the region of ______ Below _______ is the __________________ (a collection of spinal nerves) Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions. Figure 7.18. Spinal Cord Anatomy. ____________ white matter –. Figure 7.19.

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Spinal Cord

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  1. Spinal Cord • Extends from the __________________ to the region of ______ • Below _______ is the __________________ (a collection of spinal nerves) • Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions Figure 7.18

  2. Spinal Cord Anatomy • ____________ white matter – Figure 7.19

  3. Spinal Cord Anatomy • ______________ gray matter – • Dorsal (posterior) horns • Anterior (ventral) horns Figure 7.19

  4. Spinal Cord Anatomy • Central canal filled with _________________ Figure 7.19

  5. Spinal Cord Anatomy • Meninges cover the spinal cord • Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae • Dorsal root • Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – • Ventral root

  6. Peripheral Nervous System • Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system • Nerve = • Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue • Endoneurium • Perineurium – • Epineurium –

  7. Classification of Nerves • Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers • Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS • Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS

  8. Spinal Nerves • There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of ________________ • Spinal nerves are formed by the combination of the: • Spinal nerves are named for the region from which they arise

  9. Anatomy of Spinal Nerves • Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord • Dorsal rami – • Ventral rami – Figure 7.22b

  10. Autonomic Nervous System • The _______________ branch of the nervous system • Consists of only motor nerves • Divided into two divisions:

  11. Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Nerves • Somatic – • Autonomic – • Effector organs • Somatic – • Autonomic –

  12. Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Neurotransmitters • Somatic – • Autonomic – use acetylcholine (Ach), epinephrine, or norepinephrine • Sympathetic – uses _____________ pre-ganglion, ____________________________ post-ganglion • Parasympathetic – uses _____________ both pre- and post-ganglion

  13. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Figure 7.24

  14. Autonomic Functioning • Sympathetic – • Response to unusual stimulus • Remember as the “E” division =

  15. Autonomic Functioning • Parasympathetic – • Conserves energy • Maintains daily necessary body functions • Remember as the “D” division -

  16. Development Aspects of the Nervous System • The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development • Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects • The _____________________ is one of the last areas of the brain to develop

  17. Development Aspects of the Nervous System • The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult

  18. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Concussion • Slight brain injury • Contusion • Nervous tissue destruction occurs • Nervous tissue does not regenerate • Cerebral edema • Swelling from the inflammatory response • May compress and kill brain tissue

  19. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • Commonly called a stroke • The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies • Loss of some functions or death may result

  20. Alzheimer’s Disease • Progressive degenerative brain disease • Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age • Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons • Victims experience • And

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