食品和動物福利 Food and animal welfare

1. 模組9 Module 9 食品和動物福利 Food and animal welfare

2. 本模組可讓你瞭解關於五項自由的營養和餵食方式This module will enable you to • 瞭解到營養和餵食相關的五項自由 • Understand how nutrition and feeding relate to the Five Freedoms • 設計動物餵食系統時，應善用環境富有的原則。 • Use principles of environmental enrichment when designing feeding systems for animals

3. 食物和五項自由Food and the Five Freedoms • 免於飢餓、口渴和營養不良的自由 • Freedom from hunger, thirst & malnutrition • 免於不舒適的自由 • Freedom from discomfort • 免於痛苦、受傷和疾病的自由 • Freedom from pain, injury & disease • 可表達正常行為的自由 • Freedom to express normal behaviour • 免於恐懼和痛苦的自由 • Freedom from fear & distress

4. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger • 飢餓 • Hunger • 食慾中樞 • Appetite centre • 時間預算 • Time budgets • 未餵食 • Underfeeding • 疏忽 • Ignorance • 疾病 • Disease

5. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger • 疏於照顧動物 • Animal neglect • 動物收容 http://www.tufts.edu/vet/cfa/hoarding/ • Animal hoarding: http://www.tufts.edu/vet/cfa/hoarding/ • 疏忽、金錢、氣候 • Ignorance, money, weather • Broiler breeders and sows • 育種肉雞和母豬 • 惡意的殘酷對待 • http://canadianveterinarians.net/animal-abuse.aspx • Wilful cruelty • http://canadianveterinarians.net/animal-abuse.aspx

6. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger 乳牛 Dairy cow

7. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger • 強制蛻皮和換羽 Forced moulting

8. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger • 飢餓和刻板印象 • Hunger and stereotypes • 豬隻 • Pigs • 肉用育種動物 • Broiler breeders

9. 免於飢餓的自由Freedom from hunger • 寄生蟲 • Parasites • 消化不良 • Maldigestion • 吸收不良 • Malabsorption • 利用不良 • Malutilisation

10. 免於口渴的自由 Freedom from thirst • 用水不足 • Insufficient water • 肉用動物 • Broilers • 豬隻 • Pigs • 肉牛 • Veal calves

11. 免於口渴的自由 Freedom from thirst • 基本/體內水份的喪失 • Disease / Loss of body water • 口腔炎 • Stomatitis • 代謝性疾病 • Metabolic disease • 胃腸道疾病 • GI disease • 出汗 / 炎熱天氣 • Sweating / hot weather • 病理渴 • Pathological thirst • 水質 • Water quality

12. 免於不舒適的自由 Freedom from discomfort • 體溫 • Body temperature • 緩衝體表 • Cushioning body surface • 移動的輕易性 • Ease of movement • 肥胖 • Obesity • 肉雞 • Broiler chickens

13. 免於痛苦、受傷和疾病的自由 Freedom from pain, injury & disease • 營養缺乏症狀如 • Nutritional deficiency diseases e.g. • 佝僂病和骨折 • Rickets and fractures • 貓科動物因缺乏牛磺酸引起的動脈血栓 Arterial thromboembolism in taurine-deficient cats • 缺乏礦物質 • Mineral deficiencies

14. 免於痛苦、受傷和疾病的自由 Freedom from pain, injury & disease • 過度餵食寵物 • Overfeeding companion animals • 過度餵食豢養動物 • Overfeeding farmed animals • 鴨、鵝 • Ducks, geese • 肉雞、豬隻 • Broilers, pigs

15. 免於痛苦、受傷和疾病的自由 Freedom from pain, injury & disease • 過度餵食 • Overfeeding • 脂肪肝 • Fatty liver • 蹄葉炎 • Laminitis • 瘤胃酸中毒 • Ruminal acidosis • 未餵食 • Underfeeding • 新生動物 • Neonates

16. 免於痛苦、受傷和疾病的自由 Freedom from pain, injury & disease • 胃潰瘍 • Gastric ulceration • 肉牛 • Veal calves • 馬匹 • Horses

17. 免於恐懼和痛苦的自由 Freedom from fear & distress • 捕食 • Predation • 食肉動物對草食動物 • Carnivores on herbivores • 食肉動物對食肉動物 • Carnivores on carnivores • 餵養上的競爭 • Competition at feeding • 營養作用 • Nutritional effects

18. 可表達正常行為的自由 Freedom to express normal behaviour • 餵食行為 • Feeding behaviour • 食慾和食用 • Appetitive and consummatory • 物種如何自然餵食？ • How does species feed naturally?

19. 可表達正常行為的自由 Freedom to express normal behaviour • 早期斷奶 • Early weaning • 犢牛 • Dairy calves • 仔豬 • Piglets

20. 營養和環境豐富性 Nutrition and environmental enrichment (EE) • 何謂EE？ • What is EE? • 物種如何在野外覓食？ • How does species feed in the wild? • 食肉動物（進食以解除飢餓） • Carnivores (eat to relieve hunger) • 草食動物（進食以解除飢餓） • Herbivores (eat to prevent hunger) • 其他 • Others

21. 設計具有營養的EE Designing nutritional EE • 肉食動物+其他動物的肉食動物 • Carnivores + other animal-eaters • 期間、距離和獵食頻率 • Duration, distance, frequency of hunt • 動物單獨和集體捕獵的維度數 • Number of dimensions that the prey moves in • 區群居或獨居 • In a group or solitary • 獵食的特別生理調適 • Special physical adaptations for hunting • 用於搜尋獵物的感官 • Senses used to find prey • 如何捕殺獵物 • How is the prey captured and killed • 是否上述的行為因為不同的獵物而異 • Are all the above different for different prey?

22. 設計具有營養的EE Designing nutritional EE • 草食動物+其他的非肉食動物 • Herbivores + other non-meat eaters • 放牧/吃草期間的吃食區域間距 • Distance between areas eaten during grazing/browsing • 期間/覓食頻率 • Duration / frequency of foraging bouts • 單獨或集體植群的維度數 • Number of dimensions vegetation is found in • 群居或獨居 • In group or solitary • 特別的生理調適 • Special physical adaptations • 用於搜尋食物的感官 • Senses used to find food • 如何覓食和消化？ • How food is prehended and digested

23. 營養EE的實例 Examples of nutritional EE • 益智餵食器 • Puzzle feeders • 例如愛丁堡食物球 • E.g. Edinburgh food ball • 覓食桿 • Feeding poles • 隱藏食物 • Hiding food • 新鮮食物 • Fresh food • 移動 • Movement • 乳房餵食器 • Nipple-feeders • 多樣性 • Variety

24. 摘要說明 Summary • 藉由五項自由營養會影響到動物的福祉 Nutrition affects welfare through all of the Five Freedoms • 餵食應可滿足食慾和餵食的進食需求 • Feeding should satisfy the appetitive and consummatory parts of the feeding motivation

25. 延伸閱讀Further Reading • Agenas S, Heath MF, Nixon RM, Wilkinson JM, Phillips CJC. Indicators of undernutrition in cattle. Anim Welf 2006; 15: 149-160. • Christie JL, Hewson CJ, Riley CB, McNiven MA, Dohoo IR, Bate LA. A preliminary equine abuse policy with potential application to veterinary practice. Can Vet J2005; 46: 250-252 • Fitzgerald BM, Turner DC. • Hunting behaviour of domestic cats and their impact on prey. In: Turner DC, Bateson P (eds). The Domestic Cat. The biology of its behaviour. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press 2000, pp. 151-175. • Minnaar WN, Krecek RC . Minnaar WN, Krecek RC Veterinary needs of dogs in two resource-limited communities in the Gauteng and North West provinces of South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2001;72:209-13.

26. 延伸閱讀Further Reading • Patronek G. Issues and guidelines for veterinarians in recognizing, reporting, and assessing animal neglect and abuse. In: Olson P (ed) Recognizing and Reporting Animal Abuse: A Veterinarian’s Guide .Englewood, Colorado: American Humane Association 1998: 25-39. • Whiting TL, Salmon RH, Wruck GC. Chronically starved horses: predicting survival, economic, and ethical considerations. Can Vet J. April 2005;46(4):320-4. • Young RJ. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003 pp85-106.