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Early Renaissance in Italy: 15 th C.

Early Renaissance in Italy: 15 th C. 1400-1500 Italian city-states: Ferrara, Florence, Mantua, Naples, Rome, Venice. Fine arts is impacted by the revitalization of literature, history, and philosophy. Renaissance courts are impacted by humanism and secularism.

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Early Renaissance in Italy: 15 th C.

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  1. Early Renaissance in Italy: 15th C. 1400-1500 Italian city-states: Ferrara, Florence, Mantua, Naples, Rome, Venice

  2. Fine arts is impacted by the revitalization of literature, history, and philosophy. Renaissance courts are impacted by humanism and secularism. Artists create realistic 3-D paintings based on new theories of linear perspective. Italian Renaissance sculpture is marked by a greater understanding of human anatomy. Revival of large scale nude works. Architecture emphasizes open light spaces, balance, and symmetry. Key Ideas

  3. Linear perspective

  4. Wealthy families ruled the Italian city-states, controlling politics, economics, and directing art. All of the cutting edge artist movements were coming from Italy- artists were commissioned for paintings, to build great architectural feats, etc. Humanism- exploring the human aspect of life (specifically, studying the classic ideas from Greek and Roman philosophy, like law, logic, natural philosophy, medicine, etc.) Exploration of the world becomes a European theme, introducing new themes in science, materials, and the arts. Historical Background

  5. Wealthy families typically paid to have private chapels built in local churches for their own personal use (decorated lavishly, of course). Paintings are often identified by the patron’s chapels (Ex: Masaccio painted Tribute Money for the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine) Patronage and Artistic Life

  6. Greatest Technological Achievement of the period: The Florence Cathedral Dome, by Brunelleschi Waited over 100 years for the technology to be developed. Ogival arch that revolves into a dome 2 domes, one within the other, to maximize strength and stability (interior dome supports, exterior dome is pretty) A lantern on top anchors the domes together Innovations in Architecture

  7. Focus is on order, clarity, and light (as opposed to Gothic cathedrals and their dark, mysterious, and creepy vibe) Wide open window spaces (not stained glass) and vivid wall paintings. Stress geometric designs and Ideal proportions (thank you, Romans) Unvaulted naves, coffered ceilings Crossing is 2X the size of nave bays, nave 2X the width of side aisles, arches and columns make up 2/3 the height of the nave, etc. Characteristics of 15th C. Italian Architecture

  8. Dome of Florence Cathedral • Filippo Brunelleschi • 1420-1436 • Florence

  9. Pazzi Chapel • Filippo Brunelleschi • 1423 (designed) • 1442-1465 (built) • Florence

  10. Palazzo Medici-Riccardi • Michelozzo • 1444 • Florence

  11. Palazzo Rucellai • Leon Battista Alberti • 1452-1470 • Florence

  12. Sant’ Andrea • Leon Battista Alberti • 1470 • Mantua, Italy

  13. Development most characteristic of Italian Renaissance painting- linear perspective Credit goes to Brunelleschi for bringing it back! Object and people are draw proportionate to each other (medieval art depicted people dominating objects on the page) Perspective is also used to fool the eye (tromp l’oeil technique) and is used in sculpture for relief castings and carving. Innovations in Painting and Sculpture

  14. Religious paintings during early 15th C., then portrait and mythological scenes (reflecting humanism) Nudes become common again Characteristics of Early Renaissance Italian Painting

  15. Adoration of the Magi • Gentile da Fabriano • 1423 • Tempera on panel • Uffizi, Florence, Italy

  16. Detail of Adoration of the Magi

  17. Holy Trinity • Masaccio • 1427 • Fresco • Santa Maria Novella, Florence

  18. Detail of Holy Trinity

  19. Tribute Money • Masaccio • 1425 • Fresco • Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

  20. Battle of San Romano • Paolo Uccello • 1455 • Tempera on wood

  21. The Last Supper • Andrea del Castagno • 1447 • Sant’ Apollonia, Florence

  22. Battle of Ten Naked Men • Antonio del Pollaiuolo • 1465-1470 • engraving

  23. Room of the Newlyweds • Andrea Mantegna • 1465-1474 • Fresco • Ducal Palace, Mantua, Italy

  24. Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter • Pietro Perugino • 1482 • Fresco • Sistine Chapel, Rome

  25. Birth of Venus • Sandra Botticelli • 1485 • Tempera on canvas • Uffizi, Florence

  26. Spring • Sandro Botticelli • 1482 • Tempera on wood • Uffizi, Florence

  27. Damned Cast into Hell • Luca Signorelli • 1499-1504 • Fresco • Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy

  28. Interest in humanism leads to a rebirth of classic Greek and Roman sculptures. Nudity Revival or large scale nude sculptures (starting with Donatello’s David) Increased study of human anatomy “heroic” bodies Often depict intense physical interaction (twisting forms, straining muscles- similar to Hellenistic Greek sculpture. Characteristics of Early Renaissance Italian Sculpture

  29. Sacrifice of Isaac • Lorenzo Ghiberti • 1401-1403 • Gilt bronze

  30. Sacrifice of Isaac • Filippo Brunelleschi • 1401-1403 • bronze

  31. Gates of Paradise • Lorenzo Ghiberti • 1425-1452 • Gilt bronze

  32. Four Crowned Saints • Nanni di Banco • 1409-1417 • Marble • Or San Michele, Florence

  33. David • Donatello • Bronze • 1420’s-1460’s

  34. Mary Magdalene • Donatello • 1430-1450 • Wood

  35. Madonna and Child • Luca della Robbia • 1455-1460 • Terra cotta • Or San Michele, Florence

  36. Colleoni • Andrea del Verrocchio • 1481-1496 • bronze

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