Industrialization

1. Industrialization Westward Movement

2. Setting: The Great Plains • Grassland extending through west-central portion of the US • In 1860s, the Great Plains was mostly inhabited by a variety of native tribes • CONFLICTS!

3. Cattle becomes big business • Railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that demand for beef increased in eastern cities • COWBOY- herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round-up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West

4. Cowboys and Cattle Drives • Long Drives- transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between railroad centers on the Great Plains • Texas cattlemen made the trip up the Chisholm Trail where they could ship their cattle from the first stockyards in Abilene, Kansas

5. American Cowboys • Cowboys, many of whom were former Confederate soldiers, African Americans and Mexicans, received about a dollar a day for their dangerous work • The cowboy’s relative isolation and work environment contributed to the development of a distinct cowboy culture, based on the frontier values of the American West: • self-reliance and individualism with a healthy dose of the blues. Cowboy poetry and songs soothed the cattle on long drives, as well as provided entertainment for lonely cowboys on the road

6. Home on the Range

7. Stop and Think!! • How did the ordinary cowboy’s life compare to the popular conception of it?

8. Settlers Move West • Railroads become important to opening western lands for settlers and transporting crops east • Transcontinental Railroad (1869)- linked eastern and western markets and lead to increased settlement from Mississippi River west to Pacific Ocean

9. Homestead Act 1862 • Offered 160 acres of land in the West (FOR FREE) to anyone who would settle and farm the land for 5 years • 600,000 families took advantage of this offer • Many were southerners-both white and African-Americans • Impact?

10. Boomer Sooners • Oklahoma Land Rush- (1889)- land hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush- people who left too early= Sooners

11. Challenges of the Plains • Severe hardship of droughts, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and native conflict all had to be faced by homesteaders • Early homesteaders built their homes out of sod bricks or dug their home into the sides of ravines or small hills

12. Stop and Think! • In what ways did government policies encourage settlement of the west? • What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800s?

13. New technologies • Wheat withstood drought better than any other crop • Steel-tipped plow- invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil • Mechanical reaper- Cyrus McCormick- increased speed of harvesting wheat • Barbed wire- prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off

14. Agricultural Education • Morrill Act (1862)- federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)

15. Impact on Native Americans • 2/3 of Western tribal groups lived in the Great Plains including the Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfoot and Comanche • Tribes developed lives that were distinctly tied to the open prairies of the Great Plains • As the frontier was taken over by white settlers, their land and freedom to live according to their traditions would be lost.

16. Natives and the Buffalo • With introduction of the horse in 1598, most native tribes abandoned farming villages and roam plains and hunt buffalo (nomadic) • Buffalo provided tribes with most of its basic needs: shelter, clothing, food, tools, toys, etc. • Buffalo also held spiritual significance

17. Political Agreements with Natives are Restricted • 1834, the federal gov’t passed an act that designated the entire Great Plains as one enormous reservation set aside for Native American tribes • With the increasing amounts of white settlers coming during Gold Rush and Homestead Act the gov’t attempted to create definitive boundaries for each tribe • Native groups refused to sign these agreements • Thousands of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders began to settle on native land creating conflict and resulting in inevitable warfare

18. Stop and Think! • How did the government attempt to deal with the growing conflict between Native Americans and white settlers?

19. Sioux Wars against US Government • Conflict arises out of Sioux and other tribes refusal to lived restricted life on reservations We have been taught to hunt and live on game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?

20. Custer’s Last Stand • After gold is discovered, people start flooding Montana, angering natives • Natives begin attacking military units in the area • George Armstrong Custer is sent to investigate the situation and are promptly defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn • Nation angered by loss, wants revenge and army is sent to lead continual raids on native villages until Sitting Bull is forced to surrender to prevent his people’s starvation

21. Debate over Native Treatment • Some citizens were angered over treatment of Native Americans • Helen Hunt Jackson writes a book in 1881, Century of Dishonor which exposes many of broken promises to Natives • “Supporters” of Native Americans begin promoting assimilation, a process that would force natives to give up their culture and become part of white culture

22. Dawes Act • Policy passed in 1887 with hopes of “civilizing” the Native Americans • Plan broke up reservations in 160 acre plots or less • US citizenship would be granted to those who stayed on land for 25 years and “adopted the habits of civilized life” • 47 million acres were distributed to Native Americans • 90 million acres that was often the best land was distributed to white settlers or businessmen

23. Failure of the Dawes Act • After being “educated”, children returned to reservations where skills were useless • Often caught in conflict between values of parents and values of teachers • Became outsiders on reservations • Still faced with discrimination in white world with “education” • By the turn of the century, disease and poverty reduced population to 200,000

24. Industrialization Industry, big business and labor

25. America Becomes an Industrial Giant • By 1900, the United States emerged as the leading industrial power in the world • Its manufacturing output exceeded that of its 3 largest rivals: Great Britain, France & Germany

26. Factors that influenced industrialization • Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber and oil • Abundant labor supply due to immigration • Advanced transportation network creates huge market for industrial goods • Development of innovations, laborsaving technologies, and talented entrepreneurs • Friendly government policies: • Laissez-faire (hands off) capitalism • Entrepreneurs received special favors from Congress to create new business

27. Major Innovations • Edwin Drake: Successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania making it practical • Bessemer Process: process by which air is injected into molten iron, which removed carbon and creates steel. • Steel is better product than iron since it is lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant • Steel would be used to create railroads, barbed wire enormous bridges skyscrapers, etc.

28. Major Innovations Cont. • Thomas Edison established the first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ • Edison invents the light bulb and a system for distributing electrical power which completely changed society • Electric power began being used in businesses, in homes, transportations, and spurred numerous inventions of appliances • Manufacturers could put their plants wherever they want • Workers could work longer hours

29. Major Innovations Cont. • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invent the telephone • Laid groundwork for worldwide communications network • Assembly-Line Manufacturing- Henry Ford- broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars • Other inventions: refrigerated railroad cars, typewriter, sewing machine, phonograph, motion pictures, dynamite, radio

30. Women in the Workplace • The inventions of the typewriter and telephone created new jobs for women • By 1910 women accounted for nearly 40% of the clerical workforce • Before industrialization, women sewed clothing by hand for their families • After industrialization clothing could be mass-produced in factories creating garment workers which were mainly women

31. First Big Business: Railroads • Railroad mileage increased from 35,000 in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900 • Early Railroads were often incompatible with each other • Cornelius Vanderbilt merged local railroads to create a unified system running from east to midwest. • West coast railroads would complete various transcontinental railroads which connected coast to coast

32. Railroads and Government • Government provided railroads with huge land grants and loans to build tracks (3x as much as Homestead Act) • Gov’t assistance led to some corruption as companies like Credit Mobilier were formed to pocket gov’t money w/help of gov’t assistance • Vice President Colfax (under Grant) and Congressmen Garfield both profited from scheme

33. Abuses of Railroads • Railroads would sell land grants to other businesses rather than settlers • Charged different customers different rates, more if no alternative carrier, which caused many farmers to go into debt • Formed pools to fix prices

34. Rise of Steel Industry • Andrew Carnegie: industrial mogul, was a true rags to riches story • Started in railroad business and eventually becomes leading steel producer • Pioneered many different management techniques and business strategies

35. Business Strategies of Carnegie • Vertical Integration: controlling all aspects of the production process of your product • Carnegie controlled everything from coal and iron mines, railroad lines, and every stage of manufacturing process • Horizontal Integration: process by which companies producing similar products merge thus eliminating any competition • Carnegie nearly monopolized (complete control over an industry) steel industry • By 1901 when he sold Carnegie company he was producing 80% of nation’s steel

36. Stop and Think • In your own words describe the difference between Vertical and Horizontal Integration

37. J.P. Morgan Consolidates Steel Industry • J.P. Morgan, a banker, set up holding company (corporation that does nothing but buy out stocks of other companies) • In 1901, he buys out Carnegie for $500 million, takes virtual control of all steel industry • J.P. Morgan renames Carnegie company U.S. Steel, which becomes the 1st billion dollar corporation and largest corporation in the world • Employed 168,000 people

38. The Oil Industry • John D. Rockefeller forms the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, which controlled 3% of crude oil • Within 1 decade, Standard Oil would control 90% of the refining business

39. Rockefeller’s Tactics • Rockefeller forms trusts, companies that turn over their stock to a group of trustees who runs a separate company as one corporation, to gain control of oil business • Paid his workers extremely low wages and drove his competition out of business by selling oil at a lower cost than it cost to produce, then hiking the prices after competition went under

40. Robber Barons • Critics name for rich industrialist business tactics

41. Gov’t stand against Monopolies • Sherman Antitrust Act: out of fear corporations were stifling free competition • Gov’t stated interfering with free trade or forming trusts was illegal • In reality, enforcement was nearly impossible in the 1890s • Businesses turned into single corporation of troubled and Supreme Court refused to support the act helping consolidation of business continue

42. Stop and Think • How were businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller successful?

43. Working Conditions • By 1900, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages • Average man in 1899 made $498 a year (Carnegie made $23 million) • Employees were expected to work at least 6 days a week, 12 hrs a day in most industries • Employees not entitled to any vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or reimbursement for injuries suffered on job • Injuries were common! • Factories were dirty, poorly ventilated and poorly lit • Workers had to perform repetitive, mind dulling tasks often with dangerous and faulty equipment

44. Child and Women Labor • Since a family couldn’t survive on 1 wage, many children and mothers joined the factory labor force • 20% of women, 20% of boys and 15% of girls under age 15 held full time jobs • Jobs for women and children’s work required least skill and paid lowest wages • Often as little as 27 cents for a child’s 14 hr day

45. Stop and Think!! • What conditions did many factory workers face in the late 19th century?

46. Labor Unions Emerge • Knights of Labor (1869)- founded by Uriah Stephens • Open to all workers regardless of skill level, race or gender • Supported 8 hr work day • American Federation of Labor (AFL)-founded by Samuel Gompers-1886 • Open to SKILLED WORKERS ONLY • Favored collective bargaining- negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement • Used strikes when necessary

47. Labor Unions Continued • American Railway Union (ARU)- founded by Eugene Debs (socialist) • Open to all workers within the railroad industry regardless of skill level • Used strikes when necessary- Pullman Strike • International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union- founded by Pauline Newman • Labor union devoted to female worker in textile industry • Used strikes when necessary • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire- NYC-1911- 146 died

48. Strikes Turn Violent • Haymarket Square- Chicago 1886 • Bomb exploded in a crowd of policemen, police fired into strikers • Public started to turn against labor unions • Homestead Strike- near Pittsburgh 1892 • Carnegie Steel plant went on strike when wages were cut • Violence broke out- PA National Guard called in to break up the strike

49. Strikes • Pullman Strike- Chicago 1894 • Pullman employees went on strike after wages were cut • Violence breaks out- US Army sent in by Pres. Cleveland • Overall significance of strikes- Violence caused the public to turn against labor unions

50. Industrialization Immigration and Urbanization