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Cosmogenic induced activity

Cosmogenic induced activity. IDEA (Integrated Double-beta decay European Activities). Task leaders: Maura Pavan, Susana Cebrián. Susana Cebrián Universidad de Zaragoza / Università di Milano-Bicocca. Heidelberg, 21 st -22 nd October 2004. Presentation.

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Cosmogenic induced activity

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  1. Cosmogenic induced activity IDEA (Integrated Double-beta decay European Activities) Task leaders: Maura Pavan, Susana Cebrián Susana Cebrián Universidad de Zaragoza / Università di Milano-Bicocca Heidelberg, 21st-22nd October 2004

  2. Presentation • “Cosmogenic induced activity” is the Work Package 4 of JRA2 / IDEA in ILIAS, in connection with: • Task 2 (Development of a standard library of background simulation codes) Task 4 (R&D on radiopurity of materials and purification techniques) of • JRA1 (Low background techniques for deep underground science) • Attendance to JRA1 meeting held in Edinburgh on 10th September 2004 • Participants: • Heidelberg: G. Heusser, B. Schwingenheuer • Milano: S. Capelli, O. Cremonesi, M. Pavan • Zaragoza: B. Beltrán, J. M. Carmona, S. Cebrián, H. Gómez, G. Luzón, I. G. Irastorza, J. Morales, A. Rodríguez, J. Ruz, L. Torres • South Carolina (non-EU, on a self-financing basis) S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  3. Detailed implementation plan for first 18 months • Outline of the talk • Task 1: presentation of found results • Task 2: description of codes and comparison • Task 3: description and results of the activation study for TeO2 • Future work and summary S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  4. Task 1: Collection of available data on cross-sections Search for p/n activation cross-sections on targets of interest (Ge, Te) on the literature and from nuclear data libraries DELIVERABLE: Summary of non-existing measurements of cross-sections of interest and existing reliable measurements which can be used to test the codes Available at IDEA website: http://idea.dipscfm.uninsubria.it/ Outline of this part General description and found results for: - EXFOR - RNAL - MENDL - Library up to 1.7 GeV - Individual refences

  5. EXFOR (CSISRS in USA) • http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/exfor/, http://www-nds.iaea.or.at • compilation of experimental nuclear reaction data • easy searches into the SQL database, via web • full access to data and references • some s for (n,X) and (p,X) processes on Te and Ge targets • p+Ge: some results for worrisome products like 60Co and 68Ge/68Ga mainly from an irradiation experiment at 660 MeV • Yu.V.Aleksandrov et al, • Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Physics, 59 (1995) 895. • p+Te: some results for I, Sb, and Te products but not for60Comainly from an irradiation experiment at 1.7 GeV • E. Porras et al, NIM B 160 (2000) 73 • more data for Cu and Pb • information in EXFOR is not enough to make a complete activation study but essential to check calculated results S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  6. RNAL (Reference Neutron Activation Library) • http://www-nds.iaea.or.at/ndspub/rnal/www/ • library of evaluated cross sections for neutron-induced reactions leading to radioactive products • format ENDF6 • restricted to 255 reactions: no result for Ge, s for some (n,g) processes on Te isotopes and for different reactions on Se, Xe, Mo, Cd, Cu or Pb • not very useful for DBD activation studies, altough some results can be considered for checking • MENDL-2 (Medium Energy Nuclear Data Library) and MENDL-2P • ftp://iaeand.iaea.or.at/ • “Neutron reaction data library for nuclear activation and transmutation at intermediate energies”,“Proton reaction data library for nuclear activation”, by Yu.N. Shubin et al. • detailed excitation functions calculated using the ALICE family of codes, checked against experimental data • very wide range of targets and products, but no information on 60Co for Te isotopes • independent results for n and p as projectiles • only up to 100 MeV for neutrons and 200 MeV for protons • used in GEANT4 for calculating isotope production S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  7. comparison of MENDL-2P and EXFOR results for production of some I isotopes on nat Te (equivalent cross-checks can be made for production of Zn, Ga, Ge and As isotopes on Ge) • MENDL is a valuable tool for activation studies, but with a very limited energy range for cosmogenics S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  8. Production s libraries for n and p to 1.7 GeV • “Production and Validation of Isotope Production Cross-Section Libraries for Neutrons and Protons to 1.7 GeV”, S. G. Mashnik et al, [arXiv:nucl-th/9812071]. • “Study of Isotope Production in High Power Accelerators: Detailed Report”, K. A. Van Riper et al, LA-UR-98-5379. • http://t2.lanl.gov/publications/publications.html • evaluated library of excitation functions including available experimental data and calculated results using the most suitable codes • independent results for n and p as projectiles • up to 1.7 GeV • covering ~1/3 of natural elements • products of medical interest products • This library can be very useful specially for studying activation in Ge DBD experiments targets S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  9. S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  10. Results from individual references on Ge • Calculated neutron-induced excitation functions on natural Ge isotopes for 68Ge, 65Zn, 58Co, A-2Ga and A-3Ga • F. T. Avignone et al., Nucl. Instr. B (Proc. Suppl.) 28A (1992) • and for 68Ge using LAHET • Majorana Collaboration, [arXiv.org:nucl-ex/0311013] • Measured production of 60Co in Ge by p at 800 MeV • E. Norman, Poster at Neutrino 2004, Paris. To appear in NPB (PS). EXFOR, 660 MeV 800 MeV • Results from individual references on Te and Mo • Irradiation experiments at Berkeley with protons at 0.8, 1.85 and 5 GeV, obtaining many production s, with recent evaluation of 60Co results • D. W. Bardayan et al, Phys. Rev. C 55 (1997) 820. • E. Norman, Poster at Neutrino 2004, Paris. To appear in NPB (PS). S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  11. Conclusions for Task 1 • Some experimental results are available for relevant production s at fixed energies on Te and Ge from individual references and the EXFOR database, coming from proton irradiation experiments • Not sufficient for a complete activation study but extremely useful to check complementary calculations • The MENDL libraries offer reliable excitation functions for many targets and products up to 100 MeV for n and 200 MeV for p • Some evaluated excitation functions have been derived for some products on Ge isotopes S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  12. Task 2: Analysis of computational codes for n/p activation • Collect information on: • Target materials and product isotopes covered • Projectiles allowed • Range of applicable energies • Physical models included and/or experimental data sets considered for cross-sections • Checks with experimental data • “Technical” information: language, code source, support, ... DELIVERABLE: Report summarizing the features and limitations of the existing codes, deciding on the most suitable ones to be used/improved in the study of activation in DBD experiments Coming soon … Outline of this part - Semiempirical codes - Hadronic Monte Carlo codes - General-purpose Monte Carlo codes

  13. Semiempirical codes Based on Silberberg&Tsao equations for cross-sections of different processes producing residual nuclei (spallation, fission, …) Ap. J. Suppl. 25 (1973) 315, Ap. J. Suppl. 25 (1973) 335, Ap. J. Suppl. 35 (1977) 129, Ap. J. Suppl. 58 (1985) 873, Phys. Rep. 191 (1990) 351, Ap. J. 501 (1998) 911. • COSMO modified versions with new releases of formulas different outputs: production s, mass yield curves, activity C. J. Martoff, P. D. Lewin, Comput. Phys. Commun. 72 (1992) 96. • S for Ge and Cu J. Bockholt, PhD thesis, University of Heidelberg, 1995. • YIELDX provided by Tsao with the updated formulas output: production s S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  14. Hadronic Monte Carlo codes • Many families of codes based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the hadronic interactions between nucleons and nuclei: HETC, CEM, LAHET, ISABEL, INUCL, CASCADE, ALICE, SHIELD, MARS, GEM, LAQGSM, … • Versions of many of them available at the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Data Bank: • http://www.nea.fr/html/dbprog/ • Someones compared and checked against experimental data in a global NEAstudy (on O, Al, Fe, Co, Zr, and Au targets) : “International Codes and Model Intercomparison for Intermediate Energy Activation Yields”, NSC/DOC(97)-1, January 1997 http://www.nea.fr/html/science/pt/ieay • and extensively compared with particular measurements of production s irradiating targets with protons • M. Gloris et al, NIMB 113 (1996) 429 • R. Michel et al, NIMB 129 (1997) 153 • Gilabert et al, NIMB 145 (1998) 293 • Yu. E. Titarenko et al, [arXiv:nucl-ex/9908012] • S. G. Mashnik et al, [arXiv:nucl-th/0208075] • Yu. E. Titarenko et al, [arXiv:nucl-ex/0401034] … and many more! S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  15. Features of some codes (used to create a library, as considered the most reliable ones) the relative role of each process giving rise to nuclei production changes with targets, products and projectile energies so for different activation problems the most suitable codes may be different S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  16. Conclusions from intercomparison of codes (even if not dealing with activation reactions of interest in DBD experiments) • NEA study in 1997: calculations of activation yields may at best have uncertainties of the order of a factor of two. Frequently, average deviations are much larger (may go up to two or three orders of magnitude). • Measurements during 90s: predictive power of many codes is good (~2) in the near spallation region (products not far from the target) but worse in the deep spallation region or and much worse in the fission region • Recent efforts to improve description of fission and fragmentation: • Merging some codes with fission models (CEM2k+GEM2, LAQGSM+GEM2) agreements up to 20-40 % have been reported S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  17. General-purpose Monte Carlo codes the user can choose between different models and implementations to describe the hadronic physics S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  18. Conclusions for Task 2 Semiempirical codes +wide coverage of targets and products +short calculation time and simplicity of use - only proton-induced reactions Monte Carlo codes + neutron activation studies possible - very time-consuming (specially for some products) General-purpose MC codes +wide coverage of projectiles, targets and energies in principle + easy availability and support + different models can be used for the hadronic physics - not many comparisons with measurements of activation yields available • Which codes should we use in our DBD activation studies? • Semiempirical routine YIELDX • MC codes like GEANT4 / MCNPX trying different hadronic models S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  19. Task 3: Comparison of results for some problems of interest Study using different codes and comparing with data when possible • DELIVERABLE: Report comparing the performances of different codes for particular problems of interest in DBD • Identification of the most reliable codes • Quantification of the uncertainties or spread in the estimates • Identification of weak points of the codes when treating our problems • Preliminary results for open questions in activation for DBD Problem of activation in TeO2 Relevant production s on Te and the corresponding activation yields have been estimated using YIELDX and GEANT4 and have been compared with all previous results • Outline of this part • GEANT4 simulations • comparisons with measured s • comparisons of excitation functions • activity yields

  20. GEANT4 simulations • GEANT4 version 4.6.0.p01 • Projectiles: neutrons and protons • Energy: discrete values from 10 MeV to 5 GeV • Geometry: various samples of irradiation experiments implemented • nat Te disk (diameter 3.1 cm, height 0.67 cm) from Berkeley measurements at 1.85 GeV • CdTe box (5 x 5 x 2 mm3) from measurement at 1.7 GeV • Hadronic physics: different models taken into consideration • user-defined physics list: low and high energy parameterized models (LHEP) + evaluated cross-section data for neutrons up to 20 MeV • QGSP: theory driven model based on Quark Gluon String models • LHEP-BIC: LHEP + Binary cascade code below 3 GeV • LHEP-BERT: LHEP + Bertini cascade code below 3 GeV • LHEP-PRECO: LHEP + preequilibrium decay model below 100 MeV • J. P. Wellisch, nucl-th/0306006, nucl-th/0306008, nucl-th/0306016 S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  21. Comparison data-calculations for s • Results from p irradiation on natural Te at 1.85 GeV in Berkeley vs GEANT4 simulation with different models model chosen S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  22. Results for production cross-sections on Te from p irradiation at1.85 GeV and at1.7 GeVversus YIELDX semiempirical estimates and GEANT4 simulations exp YIELDX GEANT4 exp YIELDX GEANT4 • order of the best accuracy expected in this kind of calculations in mb 1.85 GeV 1.7 GeV S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  23. Production cross-section for 60Co • absorption of g+b emissions = continuum in 2b|0n region • significant discrepancy COSMO – • YIELDX in 1-3 GeV YIELDX S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  24. Production cross-section for 124Sb • b emitter with Q=2904.5 keV • Contribution to background levels of muon-induced neutrons • agreement COSMO – • YIELDX • help to decide if muon-vetos can be necessary in CUORE • Cosmogenically induced activity in TeO2 crystals • acceptable agreement GEANT4 – MENDL/ • YIELDX • help to plan the construction and transport of crystals • relevant difference for n/p activation at low energies MENDL-2 below and YIELDX above 100 MeV S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  25. Production cross-section for 125Sb • b emitter with Q=766.7 keV (only in DM region) MENDL-2 below and YIELDX above 100 MeV S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  26. Cosmic neutron spectrum f(E): • From modified COSMO: • D. Lal and B. Peters, Springer, 1967. • T. W. Armstrong et al, J. Geophys. Res. 78 (1973) 2715. • O.C. Allkofer and P.K.F. Grieder, Physics Data, 25-1, 1984. • Parameterization based on measurements: • J. F. Ziegler, IBMJournal of Research and Development 42 (1998) 1. • E>20 MeV: • 4.5 10-3 n/cm2/s • 1.5 10-3 n/cm2/s S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  27. Results for activity in TeO2: in mBq / kg for texp=4 months, tdec=2 years Contributions below + above 100 MeV • Activity of 60Co is almost one order of magnitude smaller using YIELDX cross-sections, regardless of the neutron spectrum used • Sb activity could be higher (factor 2) considering other neutron spectrum S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  28. Conclusions for Task 3 From the activation study in TeO2 • GEANT4 has been used to estimate some production s in Te, compared with available measurements • At high energies, LHEP_BERT physics list gives the best agreement, being the deviation factor ~2 • Deviations between YIELDX (Silberberg&Tsao) and GEANT4 are also ~2 • Excitation functions have been described combining MENDL and YIELDX results below and above 100 MeV • Activity yields for TeO2 crystals have been derived and compared with previous estimates based on a modified COSMO S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  29. Future work • Task 2: complete analysis of codes • Task 3: continue the study of particular problems • activation in TeO2 • activation in Ge • Task 4: start the design of new irradiation experiments S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

  30. Summary • A report has been prepared describing the available sources of data for isotope production cross sections of interest in DBD experiments • Semiempirical and Monte Carlo codes for activation studies are being analyzed and compared to find the most suitable ones • An study of the cosmogenic activation for TeO2 is underway using different codes and available data S. Cebrián, Cosmogenic Induced Activity IDEA meeting, Heidelberg, October 2004

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