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Biotechnology

This article explores the global grain production and how it is utilized as food, feed, and fuel. It discusses the growth of grain use for fuel and the impacts of biotechnology on crop production. It also raises questions about the safety and profitability of genetically modified crops.

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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology Exam #3 W 7/9

  2. Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

  3. ~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

  4. Land use in USA, 1997

  5. Agricultural Artificial Selection(breeding) Hunter- Gatherer Industrial

  6. Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.

  7. from Teosinte Maize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.

  8. Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial selection.

  9. Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds Artificial selection 1. Select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. Number of Individuals 3. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 4. After several generations, bud size increases dramatically. 0 1 2 3 Size of buds (cm) Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds

  10. Agricultural Hunter- Gatherer Industrial

  11. Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA

  12. nucleus from DNA: the Information DNA RNA cytoplasm to proteins: the Actors protein

  13. We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms CB 20.2

  14. Global area planted with GM crops Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

  15. Common GM Crops in the U.S. % of Total US Acres http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/monsanto-is-hap.html

  16. Why Change a Plant’s DNA? • Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics • Produce needed protein • Insect resistance (Bt toxin) • Herbicide resistance (Round-up) • Drought or other stress resistance

  17. Types of Genetically Modified Crops Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance

  18. Common GM Crops in the U.S. % of Total US Acres http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/monsanto-is-hap.html

  19. Is Genetically Modifying Plants a Good Idea? Texas =70 ha http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

  20. Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  21. Pollution in Gulf of Mexico from run-off in the Mississippi river

  22. Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.

  23. Genetic information moves. GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states GM crops illegal

  24. Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating. GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states GM crops illegal

  25. Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  26. N. Am. Forest An inter-connected ecosystem

  27. Danger of GM crops to other organisms

  28. Danger of GM crops to other organisms

  29. Danger of GM crops to other organisms

  30. Danger of GM crops to other organisms

  31. Danger of GM crops to other organisms

  32. Many Questions, but Few Answers? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  33. Common Genetically Modified Crops Starlink corn % of Total US Acres

  34. Many Questions, but Few Answers? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  35. Where does the information about genetically modified foods come from?

  36. Many Questions, but Few Answers? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

  37. Patents give 17 year monopoly for inventor

  38. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases • Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse • Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

  39. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

  40. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture

  41. Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries Bioprospecting

  42. Lack of research on third world problems.(tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery…Not profitable.

  43. Where does the information about genetically modified foods come from?

  44. Global area planted with GM crops Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

  45. Biotechnology Exam #3 W 7/9

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