BRAZIL

1. BRAZIL Jenny Eichler Wendy Schreiner Peter Kleinhenz Brooke Johnson Beth Fawcett

2. Population of Brazil www.ncaction.org.uk/items/web

3. Cultural Melting Pot • 180 million people • About ½ population of U.S.A. with almost same amount of land • Mostly a mixture of European, African and Indigenous ancestry

4. The Men’s World Cup Soccer Team: A goodexample of the ethnicity from different sections of Brazil

5. Diverse From the Start • Originally contained about 1000 indigenous tribes (5-6 million inhabitants) • Spread out to develop unique cultures and populations • Is quickly reduced to about 200 tribes (350,000 inhabitants) • Through racial mixing, foreign diseases and genocide • Tikuna, Guarani and Yanomami Tribes (most viewed in the news)

6. Colonization Through Interracial Marriages • Starting in early 1500’s • large area, large population, geographical barriers = difficult to control • Interracial sex and marriage is used a way for Portuguese to gain control over the population • Slaves from Africa are brought to Brazil as need for labor increases

7. Waves of Immigration • Independence and abolition of slavery in 1888 • Large demand for labor (agricultural, mining, construction ect…) • New influences from Italy, Germany, Russia, China and Japan are mixed into population

8. Waves of Immigration • Millions of Europeans migrate to Brazil in search of work and better lives. • Mostly Italians, Portuguese and Spanish • Significant populations of German and Russian • Many find work in coffee fields • Populate southern Brazil (familiar climate) • In 1908 a wave a Chinese and Japanese immigrants arrive in Brazil in search of work and better lives • Mostly work in coffee fields • Sao Paulo has largest Japanese population outside of Japan

9. Future of Population • Exponential population growth • Cultural mixing continues as population and interaction in the world market increases Data from Lonely Planet Brazil

10. Religion in Brazil • Roman Catholics 73.6% • Protestant 15.4% • Spiritualist 1.3% • Bantu and voodoo.3% • Other 1.8% • Unspecified religions .2% • 7.4% of the population do not have a religion • More than 90% of the 170 million Brazilians publicly identify themselves as Christians of some type.

11. Various Religions • The nominal religion; Roman Catholic. • The Catholics; conservative, progressives, charisma tics, and practitioners. • Spiritist’s movements involve Kardecist from France and many Afro-Brazilian religions. • The Protestant; 75% belonging to Pentecostal groups • The growth of these religious groups and their developments, influences, and impacts have merged into a “rich Christian brew that shapes religious life in Brazil”

12. Catholicism • 1950~Pedro Alvares Cabral • Spain and Portugal dominated Latin America & Christianized them marking the conquest “the genesis of modern Christianity as a world phenomenon” • Catholicism became the main focus of Brazilian culture and public space. • During the 20th century “new evangelization”.

13. Protestant Growth • Protestant evangelization was outlawed. • In 1910 a World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh • Congress on Christian Work in 1916 • New religious freedoms developing • Growth was slow • 1960’s the systematic expansion of Protestantism was exuberant. • Brazil is one of the three largest Protestant communities in the world. • “Latin Americanization of Protestantism” ~David Martin

14. Pentecostalism • Religions of participation; emphasizing the emancipation and active participation of all members • Agony between Catholicism, Protestantism and Pentecostalism • Religious cross-fertilization. • Personal care, personal worth, the spontaneous manifestations of joy in worship, and the missionary outreach that empowers Pentecostal believers to share their faith openly. • Value of theological education and a more developed systematic theology

15. “different religions, different politics” • Hypothesis • Research on the changes in religions in Brazil. • Conversions of Latin Americans to Protestantism • Protestants are far more likely to participate in religious organizations, which in turn cause them to develop more civic skills. • Two Theories: • Protestants Weberian values about an individual’s attitudes and lifestyle, work ethic, and authority which over time will affect political views. • Resource explanations • Conclusion: Protestant and Catholic congregants have different opportunities to develop different skills that transfer into politics

16. Brazilian Economy • Brazil affects every other country in South America • Future success depends on its own efforts • external supports for political and economical issues are crucial as well • The United States has a great deal at stake • Relationships for inter-American effectiveness.

17. Economy Growth • Large and well-developed sectors of agriculture, mining, manufacturing and services. • Growth has brought a higher employment rate and increases in real wages. • Economic program has three pillars • floating exchange rate • inflation-targeting regime • tight fiscal policy • IMF programs and the United States Treasury play a key role in the growth of Brazil

18. Economy • Brazil has many challenges • debt-related • maintaining economic growth the generate employment • manage the government debt. • United States policies can help • marketing open • maintaining freer trade • additional capital

19. Economy • The GDP purchasing power parity is $1.58 trillion • official exchange rate is $605.6 Billion • GDP real growth rate is 2.6%. • GDP per capita purchasing power parity is $8,500. • agriculture is 10%, industry is 39.4%, and services are 50.6%. • Labor force of 90.41 million and by occupation for agriculture it is 20%, industry 14%, and for services it is 66% which was estimated in 2003. • Unemployment rate 9.9% and the population below poverty line is 22% • Household income 10% to .7 % at the lowest rate and 10% to 48% at the highest rate. • Gini index, distribution of family income, 59.7. • Inflation rate for consumer products 6.8% • Public debt of GDP at 50.2%

20. Economy • Agriculture products; coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus and beef. • Industries; textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicle and parts, other machinery and equipment. • Produces, consumes, exports and imports electricity, oil, and natural gas. • Oil and natural gas proved reserves. • Major export and import partner is the United States • Other export partners Argentina, Netherlands, China, Germany, and Mexico • Other Import partners are Argentina, Germany, China, Nigeria, and Japan • Currency code is the real (BRL). • Exchange rates of reals per United States dollar in 2005 was 2.49.

21. Free Trade • Hemispheric free trade agreement • Bush and Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva • Bush ~“enactment of a world trade agreement would make it easier for Latin American nations to compete with such economic giants as China and India and lift about 300 million people around the globe out of poverty.” • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development • smaller family farmers will not gain substantially from freer trade as larger family farmers will • Philip Clarke ~ “A range of policies is needed for small-scale farmers to raise their income and benefit from the expected growth in Brazil’s share of world agricultural trade.”

22. National/Popular Culture • Dance • Samba • Lambada • Capoeria • Maculele • Candomble

23. National/Popular Culture Carnival, Carnaval, Carnivale • “to put away the meet” • Largest party • 5 day span • Prior to Lent • Either in Febraury or March

24. Customs of Brazil Reflects the history and character of the country Viewed through diet, music, dance, greetings, celebration, family habits ect…

25. Greetings, Gestures & Body Language • Kiss on the cheek when greet opposite sex (sometimes hug for same sex) • “Chao” or “vá com Dios” for goodbye • Symbol of figa (good luck charm) • Unique finger snap when impatient

26. Customs through Fiestas • Many Brazilian customs are shown in the habits of celebration • Brazilian time = relaxed culture • If party starts at 6:00, you should not arrive until 8:00. • Time or punctuality is not emphasized • Events with friends and family are not rushed

27. Churrasco • Barbeque in large quantities • Originates from European meat eating habits • Emphasized in southern half of country • Usually placed on a plate and shared

28. Cachaa/Pinga and Beer • Many celebrations involve drinks made with Cachaa. • Sugar cane liquor • Emphasized in Minas Gerais • Beer • Do not drink from bottle • Large bottle with small glasses • Saude (cheers) and Saidera (last beer)

29. Music and Dance • Capoeira • Combat Dance • Developed by slaves • Forró • “hick” reputation • 2-step dance • Samba • Strong African roots • Emphasized at Carnival

30. Family Behavior • Children live with parents longer • Until they start own family • Financially easier for family • More traditional roles • Women – children, cook, clean • Men – work, • Catholic Customs • Crucifixes on walls • Statues of Mary

31. Food • North • Northeast • Central-west • Southeast • South

32. Food • Staple items • Beans • Coconut • Palm oil • Dried, salted codfish • Dried shrimp • Lime • Rice • Toasted manioc meal • Feijoada

33. Food • Feijoada- • National dish • Is a stew of black beans w/ various beef and pork products • Declared national dish over 300 years ago

34. Language • Language is one of the strongest elements of Brazil's national unity • Portuguese is spoken by nearly 100 percent of the Brazilian population

35. Language • Many foreigners who speak Portuguese fluently have difficulty writing it properly. The number of languages listed for Brazil is 235. Of those, 188 are living languages and 47 are extinct. • Written Brazilian Portuguese differs significantly from the spoken language and is used correctly by only a small, educated minority of the population. The rules of grammar are complex and allow more flexibility than English or Spanish. • Many foreigners who speak Portuguese fluently have difficulty writing it properly. The number of languages listed for Brazil is 235. Of those, 188 are living languages and 47 are extinct.

36. Language • Because of Brazil's size, self-sufficiency, and relative isolation, foreign languages are not widely spoken. English is often studied in school and increasingly in private courses. It has replaced French as the principal second language among educated people. • As the tourism business grows, more attention is paid to language matters; some of the bigger hotels and restaurants have bi or tri-lingual staff, and menus and directions in restaurants and hotels have English versions; in smaller businesses, though, only Portuguese is spoken.

37. Social Order & Government • While racial divisions in Brazil are not clearly defined, class lines are. There are the very wealthy, the middle class, and the very poor. And in Brazil the very poor make up a large percentage of the population. • Despite the mixing of ethnicities, there is a class system in Brazil.  • The middle and upper classes often have only brief interaction with the lower classes - usually maids, drivers, and other jobs of that nature. Class is mainly determined by one’s economic status and skin color.

38. Social Order & Gov’t • Although women make up approximately 40% of the Brazilian workforce, they are typically found in lower paid jobs such as teaching, administrative support, and nursing. • The 1988 constitution prohibits discrimination against women, but inequality still exists. The one place although where women are achieving equality is in the government.

39. Social Order & Gov’t • The official government of Brazil is federative republic. In addition, Brazil is one of the largest democracies in the world. • Presidential elections are by majority voting. Each citizen equals one vote; the one with most votes is elected. Senators, Governors and Mayors are also elected by majority, while Deputies and Councilmen are elected by proportional votes on Parties. • In case none of candidates gets absolute majority (more than 50 percent of total valid votes) in the first round, the first two most voted candidates go for a second ballot.