Republicanism: Jefferson and Madison

1. Republicanism: Jefferson and Madison Chapter 3

2. The Election of 1800 • Federalists- Adams and Charles Pinckney • Republicans- Jefferson and Burr • Outcome of the election • Very close but Jefferson and Burr won • For the first time in U.S. history one political party relinquished power to the opposition.

3. Packing of the Judiciary • “lame duck” Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which ensured Federalist control of the judicial system. • Republicans will repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 in 1802 • Adams appointed John Marshall to be Chief Justice and other “midnight appointments” • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Establishes the Supreme Court’s power to declare a federal law invalid on the grounds that it violated the Constitution (judicial review)

4. The New Capital City • Jefferson is inaugurated in the new capital of Washington, D.C.

5. Jefferson in Power • Republican goals • Began to pay off the national debt • Repealed the whiskey tax & all other internal taxes • Wise and frugal government needed • Reduce the size of government • Cut back military expenses • Shifted defense from a standing army to militia • Greatly reduced navy • Outlawed the foreign slave trade on January 1, 1808 • Illegal slave trade continued

6. Jefferson in Power • Jefferson’s first term was very successful in both domestic and foreign affairs. • Failure to abolish Hamilton’s programs • Continued the assumption of debt • Retained the tariff as a source of revenue • Expanded the operation of the National Bank • Reduced the national debt from $83 million to $57 million • Practical politics triumphed over agrarian economics. • Louisiana Purchase (1803)

7. Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Spain owned the Louisiana territory since the French were defeated by the English in the Seven Years’ War. • Soon after taking power in 1799, Napoleon had forced the Spanish to return the territory in hopes of creating a North American empire. • This alarmed the United States because French control of the Mississippi River would force the U.S. to ally with England, a prospect that Jefferson did not like.

8. Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to talk the French out of taking over Louisiana and to attempt to buy New Orleans for $10 million. • After a slave revolt in Santo Domingo (Haiti), Napoleon gave up his ideas for the North America and focused on his war with England—He asked the U.S. if they would like to buy Louisiana • The French offered to sell all of Louisiana for roughly $15 million.

9. Constitutional Dilemmafor Jefferson • Nowhere in the Constitution did it mention the purchase of territory. • Jefferson and the Republicans had argued for a strict construction of the Constitution, which meant that he would not have the power to purchase territory. • Jefferson reversed and argued that the power to purchase territory resided in the power to make treaties (loose construction). • New England Federalists, fearing new states that would probably be Republican, argued for strict construction. • Jefferson was pragmatic. • Thus, each side reversed their position to suit their needs rather than principles.

10. Louisiana Purchase (1803)

11. The Treaty • The greatest single achievement of the Jefferson administration and arguably one of the greatest achievements of any administration. • Treaty of cession dated April 30, 1803, still needed to be ratified by Senate • Ratified by Senate in October, 1803. • U.S. paid France $15 million • More than doubled the territory of the United States. • Boundaries were vague. • Formal Transfer • French takes control from Spain on Nov. 20, 1803 • U.S. takes control from France on December 20, 1803

12. Jefferson andWestern Expansion • Jefferson wanted to map the trans-Mississippi wilderness, collect scientific information, and promote the fur trade • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • Exploration of the West 1804-1806 • Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1804 with an expedition of 50 men. They were later joined by a French guide and his Shoshone wife, Sacajawea. • Over a period of two years they traveled from St. Louis to Oregon and back. • Their reports of friendly Indians and abundant pelts attracted traders and trappers to the region and also gave the United States a claim to the Oregon country by right of discovery and exploration.

14. The Federalists and Aaron Burr • The vast new territory in the West would reduce the New England Federalists to political insignificance • The Federalists decided to secede by linking New York to their plan. • Asked Vice President Aaron Burr to run for governor in 1804, but he lost. • Alexander Hamilton opposed the conspiracy and labeled Burr a “dangerous man.” • This led to a duel in 1804 in which Burr killed Hamilton after he refused to fire at his opponent • Burr was indicted for murder in New York and New Jersey. He briefly fled to Spanish Florida before returning to preside over the Senate.

15. The Burr Conspiracy • It is believed that Burr was trying to organize a secession of Louisiana and set up an independent republic. • Burr was arrested while trying to recruit adventurers in the South and brought to Richmond, Virginia for a trial for treason. • The trial soon became a battle between Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall and Jefferson. • Burr was found not guilty because of lack of evidence, fled to France, returned in 1812 to practice law in New York and died at age 80.

16. War of 1812 • France and England were at war • Napoleon and the French had control of mainland Europe, England had control of the seas. • England adopted the Orders of Council • Allowed them to inspect and seize neutral (U.S.) ships at sea. • Napoleon responded with the Continental System • Allowed him to seize neutral (U.S.) ships when they reached port. • If American ships complied with the demands of one side, they were subject to seizure by the other.

17. War of 1812 • Jefferson responded with the Embargo Act (1807), ending all exports & imports • In an effort to avoid war, the U.S. would not trade with anyone. • The embargo failed because the American public was not willing to make the required sacrifices and easily violated the embargo. • It was a political disaster for Jefferson and he repealed it shortly before leaving office.

18. War of 1812 • Secretary of State James Madison was elected president in 1808 • Non-Intercourse Act, reopened trade with all countries except France and England. It was as ineffective as the embargo. • Macon’s Bill Number 2 • In 1810, Congress reopened trade with England and France with the condition that if either dropped its restrictions, the U.S. would stop trading with the other. • France agreed to lift its restrictions, with the condition that the withdrawal would go into effect when England did the same thing.

20. War of 1812 • The Decision for War • England gave up and revoked the Orders of Council on June 16, 1812. • Unaware of the British repeal, the U.S. declared war on England on June 18, 1812. • Causes • Farmers fearful of inability to ship goods (neutral shipping rights) • Indian unrest blamed on British • Lust for land (Canada) • National honor (War Hawks)

21. U.S. Was Not Prepared for War • Financially • trade had collapsed and tariff revenues declined • loans were needed for 2/3 of the war costs but were hard to get because Congress had let the charter for the Bank of the United States expire and northeastern opponents of the war were reluctant to lend money • Militarily • Republican budgetary constraints prevented preparations. • The army only numbered 6,700 men who were ill-trained, poorly equipped, and led by aging officers. • The navy was well equipped and well trained but numbered only 16 ships.

23. Mr. Madison’s War • Madison hoped to make a quick strike into Canada. • He believed that it could easily be gained and that the loss would impel Britain to negotiate honorable terms on other issues. The key to the success of taking Canada—speedy execution. • Failure to seize Canada • Small size of government • Difficulties in maintaining and mobilizing troops • Divided Congress (Mr. Madison’s War) • The repeal of the Orders in Council by the British government in 1812. Republicans had difficulty in redefining the purposes of the war.

24. The British Invasion • Burning of Washington (1814) • British burned the Executive Mansion, the Capitol, and all other government buildings except the Patent Office. • Siege on Baltimore • 4th largest U.S. city • Francis Scott Key • “Star Spangled Banner”

25. The Battle of New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815 • After the unsuccessful attack on Baltimore the British decide to capture New Orleans and control the Mississippi River • Andrew Jackson • Andrew Jackson arrives in New Orleans a month before the British and begins preparations • Jackson’s frontier militiamen, Creole aristocrats, free blacks, and pirates defeated the superior British invading force in a series of battles. • British – 2,000 casualties • U.S.—77 casualties out of which only 6 deaths

27. The Battle of New Orleans • The Battle of New Orleans occurred after a treaty had been signed but before it had been ratified. If the British had won, they could have refused to ratify the treaty.

28. War of 1812 • Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814) • Fighting was ended • Previous boundaries • Domestic Changes • Death of Federalist Party • Hartford Convention-- list of demands to limit Republic influence in government; threat of secession • Republicans were “Federalized” • Madison advocated a national bank, high tariffs, a peacetime military, and money for internal improvements.

29. War of 1812:Domestic Changes (cont.) • Intense patriotic feelings • Public felt victorious because of victory in New Orleans • A new confidence in their country’s destiny. • U.S. won economic independence as • American manufacturing was encouraged because of the interruption of trade.