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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Introduction of Macromolecules. Biochemistry.

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Introduction of Macromolecules

  2. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.

  3. Organic Substances Organic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things. The four groups of substances are carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids polymers

  4. Organic Substances Polymers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomers. Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration synthesis, the removal of water. monomer + monomer polymer + H2O

  5. Organic Substances Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water. This process is necessary in digestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cell. polymer + H2O monomer + monomer

  6. Organic Substances

  7. 1). Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 (Pasta, Bread) The main source of energy for living things. Carbohydrates are STARCHES. Your body breaks down starches to make sugars that it can use for energy. This sugar is called glucose. C6H12O6

  8. Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104

  9. Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 • Fuel for • Respiration MonosaccharidEs-A single sugar molecule

  10. Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Polysaccharides

  11. Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Polysaccharides Glycogen Glycogen A storage molecule found in animals. Animals store sugars in the form of glycogen in the liver for later use. Glycogen Glycogen

  12. Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Chemical Tests Benedict’s reagent is used to test for simple sugars (mono- saccharides) like glucose and fructose. When heated, Benedict’s reagent changes color from light blue to red/orange if a simple sugar is present. + - + Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch). If starch is present, a color change from amber to purple/black occurs. Starch No starch

  13. Organic Substances Glucose Fructose Cellulose Glycogen Starch Benedict’s Reagent Iodine Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Quick Energy Delayed energy Cell components

  14. A central carbon atom • Is bonded to: • Amino group • Hydrogen atom • Carboxyl group • R group (varies) Proteins Proteins are macromolecules comprised of chains of amino acids. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

  15. 4). Proteins– contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms. Polymers of amino acids a). Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) b). Found in meat, eggs, chicken

  16. Function of proteins: a). Controls the rate of reactions b.) regulate cell processes c.) form bones and muscles d.) fight diseases e.) transports materials into or out of cells

  17. A central carbon atom • Is bonded to: • Amino group • Hydrogen atom • Carboxyl group • R group (varies) Proteins Carboyxl Group R Group Amino Group

  18. A central carbon atom • Is bonded to: • Amino group • Hydrogen atom • Carboxyl group • R group (varies) Chemical Tests Biuret reagent is used to test for the presence of protein. When protein is present, biuret reagent changes from light blue to purple. - + -

  19. Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells catalysts transport movement protection immune growth Organic Substances Many types Biuret’s Reagent

  20. Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids • Made mostly of C and H, some O. • Lipids are insoluble in water(they do not dissolve). • Lipids include phospholipids, and fats (AKA triglycerides). triglycerides http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204

  21. Lipids– fats, oils, and waxes • Store energy • Some are chemical messengers (ie. Steroids) • Ex.) oils on your skin keep you from soaking up water in the tub.

  22. Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids Glycerol Fatty Acid tails

  23. What do these all have in common? A C B E D F

  24. Saturated • Animal fats • Solid at room temp • Lacks double bond in Carbon chain • Unsaturated • Plant fats • Remain liquid at room temp. • Has a double bond in Carbon chain Lipids

  25. LIPIDS Cell Membrane “PHOSPHO”LIPID

  26. LIPIDS Major Food Sources of Trans Fat for American Adults

  27. Tests for Lipids Sudan III is a chemical test for the presence of lipids. If lipids are present, this indicator will turn orange-pink. + Brown paper may also be used to test for the presence of lipids. Lipids soak into the paper, causing it to have a translucent appearance. + -

  28. Organic Substances Glycerol + Fatty acids • Cholesterol • Phospholipids • Fats: • Saturated • Unsaturated Stored energy Insulation Cell Components Fats Oils Waxes Sudan III Brown paper

  29. NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA DNA

  30. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information

  31. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of the cell’s activities.

  32. NUCLEIC ACIDS The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called NUCLEOTIDES. nitrogen base phosphate sugar (Pentose- 5 Carbon)

  33. NUCLEIC ACIDS The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA).

  34. NUCLEIC ACIDS PHOSPHATE GROUP

  35. NUCLEIC ACIDS The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families: • 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • CYTOSINE (C) • THYMINE (T) – DNA • URACIL (U) - RNA • 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring. • ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G)

  36. NUCLEIC ACIDS ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE An individual nucleotide that functions in energy transfer (acts like a battery) in the cell. adenine triphosphate ribose

  37. NUCLEIC ACIDS Polynucleotides: DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains twisted around a central axis. The nitrogen bases that make up DNA are A, G, C, and T. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is a single stranded chain made up of the nitrogen bases A, G, C, and U.

  38. Organic Substances DNA RNA ATP DNA RNA ATP Nucleotides Direct cell processes Protein Synthesis Cellular energy None 

  39. CARBOHYDRATES

  40. Lipids

  41. Protein

  42. Nucleic Acid

  43. Who wants to be a biochemist? (Practice) • Protein

  44. Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrate

  45. Who wants to be a biochemist? • Lipids

  46. Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrates and Lipids

  47. Who wants to be a biochemist? • Nucleic Acid

  48. Who wants to be a biochemist? • Protein and Lipids

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