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Comparative 20 th Century Revolutions

Comparative 20 th Century Revolutions. China, Mexico, Russia. Why?. Rural discontent Industrial revolution impact: class gaps, world markets, colonial independence movements Global economic slump World wars Ideological developments

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Comparative 20 th Century Revolutions

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  1. Comparative 20th Century Revolutions China, Mexico, Russia

  2. Why? • Rural discontent • Industrial revolution impact: class gaps, world markets, colonial independence movements • Global economic slump • World wars • Ideological developments • Resentment of Western cultural and economic hegemony shows up as nationalism

  3. Intellectual Roots in Liberalism Progress history, Nationalism and Socialism • Marxist Ideology (urban workers not peasants): • Bolsheviks (Marxist-Leninism) • But in Mexico, different model of revolutionary change: • Initally, liberal ideology of constitutions, representation and free elections • Agrarian reform, redistribution of land as basis of wealth • Later, Mao in China: • Peasantry key to revolutionary change

  4. Leadership Sun Yat-sen Lenin Villa and Zapata in Presidential Palace

  5. Intellectual Roots of Leaders • Western education: Madero Sun Yat Sen Lenin

  6. Causes– Mexican Revolution • Class gap and foreign ownership • Mexico 1% owned 85% of land • 95% of population were landless peasants • American and British owned silver mines, plantations, railroads, ranches • Peasants locked into debt relationships with landowners • Devaluation of Mexican culture

  7. Prelude to Revolution Diaz Madero Reform Supporters: Pancho Villa Venustiano Carranza Emiliano Zapata Alvaro Obregon Madero won 1912 election based on land reform (assassinated in 1913) Mexico

  8. Mexico:Military Phase Agrarian Revolutionaries Zapata: “Tierra y Libertad” Leader of landless peasants—”Robin Hood” Plan of Ayala– redistribute land of wealthy (Hacendados) and seize foreign ownership of local resources Pancho Villa

  9. Succession of Presidents (military caudillos) Huerta Carranza Obregon (Calles) (Cardenas) Mexico- Reform Phase

  10. Constitution Convention 1917 More liberal than Carranza intended and initially not fully implemented Article 3: Secular Education Article 27: Land reform (nation is the original owner of all land, water and subsoil) Article 123: Labor reform Article 130: Restrictions on Church

  11. 1920 Obregon wins election (Carranza murdered) General Obregon: Land reform Labor Education Indigenismo US relationship Mexico- Reform Phase

  12. Dolores Jimenez Working class organization of women opposed to Diaz Soldaderas In hope of social change Cooked and commanded troops Served as spies and couriers Shot carbines and pistols Fought disguised as men Constitution promised social reforms Mexico- Women’s Role

  13. Motives for Mexican Revolutionaries “We are the elements of a social movement which will not rest until it has enlarged the destinies of our motherland. We are the tools Destiny makes use of to reclaim the sacred rights of the people. We are not fighting to dethrone a miserable murderer, we are fighting against tyranny itself.” Mariano Azuela, The Underdogs

  14. Legacy Mexico: • 2 million died in civil war (15 million) • Agrarian reforms adopted • Social programs initiated for workers and middle class-- literacy • Constitution of 1917– social reforms promised • Restoration of Mexican dignity, equality of Indians, mestizos, and whites, peasants and urban dwellers • Political party begun by Madero would dominate Mexican politics for next 80 years. • Trotsky would find exile (and execution) in Mexico • But dependent development continued…

  15. China • Collapse of Imperial system- 1911 • Republic under Sun Yat-Sen • 1916-1927 Warlord era • Background: • Chinese defeat in war with Japan, 1895 • Boxer Rebellion failure 1899 • Death of Empress Dowager, 1908

  16. China • Education • Access for girls to school, work, western ideas • Christianity • Decline of footbinding • New Culture Movement

  17. China- What Next? Resentment towards Japan’s 21 Demands May 4th Movement– refusal to sign the Treaty of Versailles Beginning of Communist Party influence from Russia Growing nationalism

  18. February 1917, Russia Tsar Nicholas lost support, forced to abdicate Provisional Government amidst social revolution led by Alexander Kerensky Radicals organized ‘soviets’ Continued involvement in the Great War • Prior to WWI: • Emancipation of Serfs • Crimean War • Russo-Japanese war • Bloody Sunday 1905 • Creation of Duma

  19. Bolshevik Message • “Peace, Bread and Land” • End to the war • Land for the peasants • Workers’ control of factories • Self-determination for minorities Lenin

  20. Civil War in Russia • 1917-1921 • Allied invasion, typhoid epidemic, brutal fighting • “Communists” won, pulled out of the war, signed surrender treaty, and changed name: USSR. • Left Germany with only one front to fight on.

  21. Russia

  22. Foreign Involvement • Two US interventions during the Mexican revolution: “Poor Mexico: so far from God, so close to the United States.” • China:Sun Yet-sen had a western education, New Culture Movement • Prior to war, foreign investment in Russia high. • Russian Invasion by US, Britain, France and Japan was resented (and successfully resisted) by new Soviet state.

  23. Comparisons • Causes • Leaders • Foreign Involvement • Women • Other:

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