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China

China. Before the Common Era - Dynasties. Geographical Influences. Mountains, sea, and desert provide some protection and isolation Vulnerable to northwest River valleys 1 . Yellow ( Huang Ho) earliest civilization - damaging floods

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China

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  1. China Before the Common Era - Dynasties

  2. Geographical Influences • Mountains, sea, and desert provide some protection and isolation • Vulnerable to northwest • River valleys • 1. Yellow (Huang Ho) earliest civilization - damaging floods • 2. Yangtze- very important in unification- transportation- irrigation

  3. Yellow River Civilization

  4. Earliest Civilizations- most isolated • Earliest- Neolithic- Ban Po- similar to other parts of the world/ one of the oldest

  5. The 4 Old-World River Valley Cultures

  6. Shang Dynasty 1500-1027 BCE • in N. China along the Huang Ho • raised silk worms- silk part of lure and fascination of China • famous for bronze sculpture, daggers, jade jewelry • paid homage to ancestors- family important

  7. Shang: 1523-1028 BCE

  8. Shang Bronzes

  9. Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE - jade Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE

  10. Zhou (Chou) Dynasty1027 – 256 BCE • Feudal society- emperor gave out fiefs • Shang thought they had a divine right- Chou rulers had responsibility • Zhou did take title “Son of Heaven” • compared to medieval Europe- had a code for dress, fighting etc. • longest-developed foundations for Chinese society • Iron Age

  11. Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE

  12. Eastern Zhou:771-256 BCE

  13. Period of Ancient Philosophies • About 500BCE Buddha, Confucius, Greek Philosophers and Chinese - Lao Tzu • Called a flowering period • India more concerned with cosmos and soul • China more concerned with ethical life on earth

  14. Way of Life- Confucianism • Moral and ethical code highly developed treat everyone with consideration • Advocated paternalistic government • Value on family head- ancestor respect • Values- loyalty, righteousness, wisdom, sincerity • very practical and humanistic

  15. Daoism (Taoism)LaoTzu (Lao Zi) • contemporary of Confucius • Tao= the road way • Absolute=sum of existence • Goal to bring people into harmony • very introspective • not as influential as Confucius

  16. “T’ien Ming” The Mandate of Heaven Principles in Action 4 Main Principles The right to rule is granted by Heaven. There is only one Heaven therefore there can be only one ruler. The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler. The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty. • The leader must lead by ability and virtue. • The dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations. • The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.

  17. A new dynasty comes to power. The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it moreefficient. Start here Emperor isdefeated !! Lives of common people improved;taxes reduced;farming encouraged. TheDynasticCycle Rebel bands findstrong leader whounites them.Attack the emperor. Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.) Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels& attack landlords. Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.Farming neglected. Droughts,floods,famines occur. Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

  18. Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty 221-206 BCE • dominated by “The First Emperor” • Qin Shi Huangdi (Chin Shi Huang Ti) • ambitious= understatement • centralized the government- rid of feudal lords • constructed roads and canals • An amazing tomb found in 20th Cen

  19. Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E. • Established China’s first empire  • Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) • Legalist rule  • Bureaucratic administration • Centralized control • Military expansion • Book burnings  targetedConfucianists • Buried protestors alive! • Built large section of the Great Wall

  20. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

  21. The Details of an Individual Soldier

  22. The Great Wall with Towers

  23. The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

  24. Han Dynasty 202BCE-220 CE(Roman Times) • Similar: built cities, officials to carry out edicts, heavy taxes collapsed under invasions and internal revolts • contact along the Silk Road • combination of Confucius and legalism • advanced in science and literature • invented rudder, paper, magnetic compass, acupuncture

  25. Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E. • “People of the Han” original Chinese • Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]  • Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many • Buddhism introduced into China • Expanded into Central Asia

  26. Han – Roman Empire Connection

  27. Chang’anThe Han Capital

  28. Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

  29. Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E. • Started public schools. • Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam. • Civil service system  • bureaucrats • Confucian scholar-gentry • Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

  30. Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House

  31. Three Kingdoms 220 CE – 581 CE • China’s Dark Ages • 1. Wei • Capital in Loyang, maintains imperial seals, country’s wealth, 30 million people • How are the above ideas advantageous? • 2. Wu • 3. Shu • Chaotic times, war and violence • 581 – Yang Chien assassinates ruling family in N and establishes Sui Dynasty

  32. Sui Dynasty 581 CE-618 CE • Yang Chien Wen-ti • Devoted to Buddhism; built temples, trained clergy • Centralized govt: controlled appointments, inspectors to assess and report back 3 times a year • Banned weapons, forced labor • Repaired Great Wall • Yang-ti: takes over in 604 • Spends on construction projects • Rebellion in 617

  33. Tang Dynasty 618-907 CE Contributions • Internal renewal(improved lives of people) and external expansion • Used formal civil service exam to recruit-set up university • Tried to equalize land holdings- fought corruption • literature and art flourished • Inventions- paper during Han- used for clothes and tp- used for writing

  34. Empress Wu Chao, 624-705 • The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.  • Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court. • Construction of new irrigation systems. • Buddhism was the favored statereligion. • Financed the building of many Buddhist temples. • BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.

  35. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. • Imperial examination system perfected. • Liberal attitude towards all religions. • Spread of Buddhism in China • Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.  • Japan, Korea, Persia

  36. Tang Government Organization

  37. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. • New technologies: • Printing moveable print (Encyclopedia) • Porcelain • Gunpowder • Mechanical clocks • More cosmopolitan culture. • Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. • Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 

  38. Foot-Binding in Tang China • Broken toes by 3 years of age. • Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

  39. Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

  40. Foot-Binding in Tang China • For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

  41. Song(Sung) Dynasty 960-1279 • moved the capitol east • economic expansion - used paper money • used abacus • Silk Road traffic at height • when dangerous went to sea routes • first period of great oceanic commerce • trades tea, silk and porcelain for exotic woods and precious stones

  42. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. • Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. • Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. • Magnetic compassmakes China a great sea power! 

  43. Song Peasant Family

  44. Song Rice Cultivation

  45. The MongolsNomadic peoples • Loosely organized clans in a state of stress • Genghis Kahn- son of impoverished noble with army of less than 130,000 conquered Asia • mastered military tactics on horseback- pursue and ambush, firelance, took China • Kublai Kahn- grandson Yuan dynasty at Peking- adopted Chinese ways- lasted 100 years- gave way to Ming dynasty

  46. Mongol Invasions

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