Parts of speech overview

1. Parts of speech overview Chapter 12

2. 8 parts of speech • Nouns • Pronouns • Adjectives • Verbs • Adverbs • Prepositions • Conjunctions • Interjections

3. Nouns • Names a person, place, thing, or idea • Common nouns • Name any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas • Car, tree, pond, heart, book, president • Proper nouns • Names a particular person, place, thing, or idea • Generally, proper nouns are capitalized • Mrs. Ayers, Florida, Wal-Mart

4. Nouns continued… • Concrete nouns • Names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell) • Bus, odor, paper • Abstract nouns • Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic • Love, honesty, time

5. Nouns continued… • Collective nouns • Name a group of people, animals, or things • Herd, audience, group

6. Pronouns • Pronouns take the place of one or more nouns or pronouns • Personal Pronouns • Refer to the one(s) speaking (1st person), the one(s) spoken to (2nd person), or the one(s) spoken about (3rd person) • Chart pg. 409

7. Pronouns continued • Reflexive pronouns • Refer to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition • Chart on page 409 • Demonstrative pronouns • Point out a person, place, thing, or idea • this, that, these, those • This is my favorite show. • Chart on pg. 410

8. Pronouns continued… • Interrogative pronouns • Introduce a question • what, which, who, whom, whose • What is your favorite class? • Chart on page 410 • Relative pronouns • Introduce a subordinate clause • that, which, who, whom, whose • English is my favorite subject, which is why it’s my favorite • Chart on pg. 410

9. Pronouns continued… • Indefinite pronouns • Refer to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically stated • Chart on pg. 411

10. Adjectives • Modifies a noun or pronoun • Adjectives tell • What kind? • Which one? • How many? • How much? • An adjective that is in the predicate and that modifies the subject of a clause or sentence is called a predicate adjective

11. Adjectives continued… • The following words are articles and count as adjectives: • A, an, the • A and An are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a general group. • The is called a definite article because it refers to someone or something in particular.

12. Verbs • Express action or a state of being • A verb phrase consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs) • Chart pg. 417 • A modal is an auxiliary verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb • The word not and its contraction (n’t) are never part of a verb phrase

13. Verbs continued… • An action verb expresses either physical or mental activity • A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. Such a word or word group is called the subject complement • Chart of pg. 419

14. Verbs continued… • Hint: to determine whether a verb in a sentence is a linking verb, substitute a form of the verb “be”. If the sentence makes sense, the verb is most likely a linking verb. • Emilia felt calm at the seashore. (the verb was can sensibly replace felt). • Emilia felt the waving strands of kelp. (the verb was cannot sensibly replace felt).

15. Verbs continued… • Transitive verb • Has an object (a word that tells who or what receives the action of the verb) • Elsa swam the channel. (the object channel receives the action of the verb swam – tranisitive) • Intransitive verb • Doesn’t have an object • All linking verbs are intransitive • Elsa swam for many hours. (no object – intransitive)

16. Adverbs • Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb • Tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often) • Some of the most frequently used adverbs end in – ly, but not all words ending in –ly are adverbs • Noun + ly = adjective • Love + ly = lovely • Adjective + ly = adverb • Quick + ly = quickly

17. Prepositions • Words that show the relationship of a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. • A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase • How much is that doggie in the window? • Chart pg. 426 • A preposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition • Do not cross in front of the television. • Chart pg. 427

18. Conjunctions • Join words or word groups • Coordinating conjunctions join words or word groups that are used in the same way • For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • Chart pg. 428 • Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way • Chart pg. 429 • Subordinating conjunctions begin a subordinate clause

19. Interjections • Express emotion • An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence • Chart pg. 429 The way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech the word is!