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Science Philosophy

Science Philosophy. reasoning. noun : the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment : the ability of the mind to think and understand things in a logical way Critical thinking Inductive and deductive reasoning - Logic

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Science Philosophy

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  1. Science Philosophy

  2. reasoning • noun : the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment • : the ability of the mind to think and understand things in a logical way • Critical thinking • Inductive and deductive reasoning - Logic • Empirical falsification – Karl Popper

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrzMhU_4m-g • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYPapE-3FRw • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztmvtKLuR7I • http://www.csun.edu/science/ref/reasoning/critical_thinking/index.html

  4. Critical thinkers draw conclusions only after they have defined their terms, distinguished fact from opinion,  asked relevant questions,  made detailed observations,  and uncovered assumptions.  • Critical thinkers make assertions based on solid evidence and sound logic. • Critical thinkers: • Rely on evidence • examine problems carefully • ask pertinent questions • identify assumptions and biases • define criteria • look for evidence • identify missing information

  5. Critical thinkers: • Rely on logic • assesses statements and arguments • analyze data • consider a variety of explanations • reject information that is incorrect or irrelevant • admit a lack of understanding or information when necessary • suspend judgment until all facts have been gathered and considered • weigh evidence, and draw reasoned conclusions • adjust opinions when new facts are found

  6. Elements of Critical Thinking • Identification of premises and conclusions.  Critical thinkers break arguments into basic statements and draw logical implications. • Clarification of arguments: Critical thinkers locate ambiguity and vagueness in arguments and propositions. • Establishment of facts:   Critical thinkers determine if the premises are reasonable and identify information that has been omitted or not collected.  They determine if the implications are logical and search for potentially contradictory data.

  7. Elements of Critical Thinking • Evaluation of Logic: Critical thinkers determine if the premises support the conclusion. In deductive arguments, the conclusions must be true if the premises are true.  In inductive arguments, the conclusions are likely if the premises are true. • Final evaluation:  Critical thinkers weigh the evidence and arguments.  Supporting data, logic and evidence increase the weight of an argument.  Contradictions and lack of evidence decrease the weight of an argument.  Critical thinkers do not accept propositions if they think there is more evidence against them or if the argument is unclear, omits significant information, or has false premises or poor logic.

  8. Formal Fallacies • In philosophy, a formal fallacy is a pattern of reasoning that is always wrong. This is due to a flaw in the logical structure of the argument which renders the argument invalid. • Appeal to probability – is a statement that takes something for granted because it would probably be the case (or might be the case).

  9. Informal Fallacies • An informal fallacy is an argument whose stated premises fail to support its proposed conclusion. • argumentum ad ignorantiam • argumentum ad nauseam • ad hominem • Straw man • Red herring

  10. Logical arguments and fallacies • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55oNbTMY3yc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLhMgMMBc2U • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJp4bZhhYfw&list=PL48296651F7CF74CB • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVhRSAu8Xao&index=2&list=PL48296651F7CF74CB

  11. Ambassadors of Science • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=695Flhmjmg4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=923jxZY2NPI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D05ej8u-gU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BHQIasisqY

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