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Visually guided attention during flying

Visually guided attention during flying. OR Pilots “do not like” fovea because they cannot pay attention to more than 1% of space at any one time. Retina is located in the posterior part of the eye, with photoreceptors facing away from the light.

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Visually guided attention during flying

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  1. Visually guided attention during flying OR Pilots “do not like” fovea because they cannot pay attention to more than 1% of space at any one time.

  2. Retina is located in the posterior part of the eye, with photoreceptors facing away from the light

  3. Retina is sensitive over 1010 range of light intensity -Light intensity in the natural environment spans range of about 1010, and we can see through this entire range -Only 2 types of photoreceptors, cones and rods together cover this entire range -Cones are specialized for bright light, rods for twilight and dark -In animals active both in day and night (humans), cone photoreceptors comprise only 5% of the total number of photoreceptors, and 90% of those are in fovea. Ramon y Cajal

  4. Having fovea means: • High acuity vision (good for finding morsels and picking berries) • Smooth-pursuit eye movements which stabilize the object of interest upon the center (following a moving target i.e. hunting or running away from a predator) • Seeing only 1% of our field of view with good resolution • Paying attention only to 1% of our field of view (instead of the entire sky in front)

  5. “Sample” finely, assign a relatively large volume of the brain to analyze the data Cones in the fovea (human) Vertical section Tangential section • -Human Fovea has 200,000cones/mm2 i.e. 120 cones/deg • -Connectivity of foveal cones to downstream cells is 1:1, thus the output from the fovea into the brain is as fine as the grain of cone array • 50% of the brain visual regions process information from fovea • Large convergence in the peripheral retina (>>10(0):1) Rods and cones in the periphery of the retina (note cones getting wider)

  6. FROM EYE INTO THE BRAIN Visual cortex (i.e. striatal cortex, Occipital cortex) Optic chiasm Optic nerve Eye

  7. Frontal eye field (FEF) is where attentional and oculomotor circuits meet FEF VISUALLY GUIDED ATTENTION -TOP-DOWN ATTENTION (goal driven, e.g during scanning of the visual field). Neural “preparation” for the oculomotor movement (saccadic movement i.e. change in gaze), deploys attention mechanisms towards the new target and enhances the perception of the visual target once the saccade is executed. - BOTTOM –UP ATTENTION (stimulus driven) does not need to use oculomotor program to be deployed: high salience of stimuli uses different route for orienting spatial attention, but the object of attention is nevertheless foveated.

  8. How do we reconcile narrow spatial attention and collision avoidance? • Scanning behavior (“See and avoid”) uses top-down attentional mechanisms, because it is goal-driven. • Sensory cues are needed to “cover” the rest of the space that is not in our visual field, or not fixated on during scanning behavior, and activate Bottom-up attention circuitry.

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