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Beginning Assignment

Beginning Assignment. This is an opinion piece where there is no right or wrong answer. I want to know your opinion. Write 1 complete sentence using the questions below: What is your opinion of the Islamic religion? Explain.

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Beginning Assignment

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  1. Beginning Assignment • This is an opinion piece where there is no right or wrong answer. I want to know your opinion. Write 1 complete sentence using the questions below: • What is your opinion of the Islamic religion? Explain. • What events have skewed American’s opinions of the religions? Explain. • Has the media accurately portrayed Islam in a positive or negative light? Explain. • Do many countries’ foreign policy, not only the United States, have a positive or negative outlook about the Islamic religion? Explain.

  2. Early History of the Middle EastUnit 6

  3. Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent • Fertile Crescent--landscape btwn the Persian Gulf & the Mediterranean Sea • Mesopotamia • “land between the rivers” • Tigris & Euphrates • Farmers used rivers to flood Mesopotamian area to grow wheat/barley • Large harvests allowed villages to grow • EX: Babylonians

  4. Babylonians • Took over Sumerian empire • First to establish an empire • Empire: brings together several peoples, nations, or independent states under the control of one ruler • Babylon strongest under King Hammurabi

  5. Hammurabi’s Code • Uniform code of laws that unified diverse groups of the empire • Placed in cities throughout empire so all people could see the law • Code had judgments for broken laws • “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”

  6. Hammurabi’s Code 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire. 108. If a tavern-keeper (feminine) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water. 129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves.

  7. Egyptians • Started around 3000 B.C.E. in Northern Africa • Based along Nile River • Used Nile’s fertile soil to farm • Ruled by Pharaohs • Pharaohs: rulers that were considered gods • Built great pyramids and monuments

  8. Egyptians continued • Divided into 3 periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom • Kingdoms ruled under a dynasty: family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within a family • Rulers were called pharaohs • Pharoahs had absolute power • Later pharoahs had help ruling from a bureaucracy • Bureaucracy: administrative organization w/ officials/regular procedures

  9. Egyptians continued • Achievements: • Pyramids (1) • Occurred during the Old Kingdom • Complex buildings dedicated to the dead • Pyramids would be filled w/ chairs, food, dishes, weapons • Egyptians believed humans had 2 bodies/ a human one & a spiritual one • Filling pyramids w/ material items allowed the spiritual body to continue living

  10. Egyptians continued • Mummification (2) • Process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting • Remove liver, lungs, stomach & intestines ---placed in jars and then placed in tomb w/ body • Would remove brain by extracting it from the nose • Covered body in salt, filled body w/ spices • Body wrapped, placed in tomb • Process took about 70 days

  11. Egyptians continued • Hieroglyphics (3) • Priest carvings/sacred writings • System of writing which used both pictures and more abstract forms • First carved into stone • Hieroglyphics eventually turns into hieratic script ---- pictures turned into dots, dashes • Egyptians also created: • 365 day calendar • Made advancements in mathematics

  12. 3 Major Religions 3 major religions in Middle East: 1. Judaism 2. Christianity 3. Islam ๐Each religion began and spread through Palestine ๐Reason why all 3 groups believe they should control Palestine

  13. Judaism • Most of what is known about the early history of the Hebrews comes from the Torah • Torah: 1st 5 books of the Old Testament • Abraham, Moses, David ---- imp. people in Judaism • Why are they important?: • Jews roamed Mesopotamia/Middle East area for many years • Abraham --- led Jews through Canaan, Mesopotamia, Egypt --- Jews forced into slavery in Egypt • Moses --- led Jews out of Egypt • David --- led the Jews/helped establish the kingdom of Israel w/ Saul

  14. Judaism continued • REMEMBER IMPORTANT: • Jews were conquered by many other groups including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans • All of these conquering empires settled in the area known as Palestine • THE JEWISH ARGUMENT TO STAY IN PALENSTINE: • THE JEWISH POPULATION HAS ALWAYS LIVED IN THE AREA --- THEY DESERVE TO BE THERE

  15. Christianity • 63 BC---Roman power spread to Judea • Judea: the home of the Jews during this time period • Some Jews believed they would be free again someday • According to biblical tradition, God had promised that a savior known as the Messiah would arrive & restore the kingdom of the Jews

  16. Christianity continued Jesus of Nazareth • Jesus was born around 6 BC to 4 BC in the town of Bethlehem in Judea • At the age of 30, he began his public ministry • Traveled from town to town • For the next 3 years, he preached, taught, did good works, & reportedly performed miracles

  17. Christianity continued • Jesus’ popularity worried Roman and Jewish leaders • In 29 AD, Jesus visited Jerusalem • Greeted by many as the Messiah or king • Angered Jewish and Roman leaders • Called Jesus’ teachings blasphemy • Blasphemy: disrespect for God • Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of disobeying Roman authority • Pontius Pilate: Roman Governor • Jesus arrested and crucified • Crucified: nailed to a large wooden cross until death

  18. Christianity continued • main source of information about Jesus & his teachings came from the Gospels • Gospels: 1st 4 books of the New Testament • message had a special appeal to the poor • According to the Gospels, what happened next? • Jesus’ body placed in a tomb after death • 3 days later, his body was gone • Jesus appeared before people and he ascended into Heaven • Jesus became known as Jesus Christ • the name Christianity was derived from Christ

  19. Islam • 570 AD --- Muhammad born • Born into powerful family in Mecca • Mecca located on the coast of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia • Little education/worked in caravan trade • Muhammad disgusted w/ caravan trade in Mecca --- thought many involved in trade were too greedy • Muhammad spent much time in prayer/meditation

  20. Islam continued While meditating in cave outside Mecca, Muhammad heard the voice of the angel Gabriel Gabriel told Muhammad he was a messenger for Allah Allah spoke through Gabriel --- in turn Gabriel spoke through Muhammad Muhammad was to be the last of the prophets Muhammad said Allah was the only god People who practice the principle of Islam called Muslims Islam means “submission to the will of Allah” Muslim means “one who has submitted”

  21. Islam continued Muhammad met w/ hostility Left Mecca for Medina Attracted many followers along the way 630 AD Muhammad returned to Mecca Attracted more followers Pilgrimage back to Mecca became known as the hajj Muhammad entered Mecca, called for prayer, destroyed any idols around the Kaaba Meccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad, converted

  22. Islam continued • MAIN POINT FOR MUSLIMS TO STAY IN PALESTINE: • Islam begin to spread • Spread to areas such as Palestine • Muslims settled and/or conquered the area & thought the land belonged to them • It was said Muhammad ascended to heaven from Jerusalem

  23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM81wroj_MQ

  24. The Crusades 11th-13th Centuries Series of military expeditions Christians wanted to regain Holy Land from Muslims & Jews Byzantine Empire (Eastern Orthodox Christian) felt threatened by the Turks (Muslim) & Jews Turks threatened the Byzantine capital of Constantinople Rally cry for Christian warriors was to retake the Holy Land away from the infidels or unbelievers

  25. The Crusades continued During the Early Crusades, Christians were able to take lands away from Muslims --- took Jerusalem Muslims began to strike back Later Crusades, Christians organized young people (Children’s Crusade) to fight the Muslims Byzantine Empire ---- not as powerful Christians unable to defeat the Muslims

  26. The Crusades continued • Results of the Crusades: • Pope’s power weakened in the Christian Church (1) • Muslims & Jews faced more persecution from Christians (2) • Christians in Muslim controlled areas also faced persecution (3)

  27. Medieval Torture Website • http://www.fidnet.com/~kawlaw/devices.html

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