Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology

1. Introduction to Human Anatomy& Physiology

2. ANATOMY- the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts. ·Histology- the microscopic study of tissues. ·Cytology- the microscopic study of cells. PHYSIOLOGY- the study of the function of body parts.

3. Life Processes Distinguish Living from Non-Living Things. • Movement • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation • Excretion

4. Mental Mapping (use characteristics to categorize the following) • I am walking to McDonalds • I stop at the traffic light • I am getting taller • I am breathing air • I get a hamburger and eat it • My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger • The nutrients I absorbed from hamburger is turned into things my body needs • Eventually I go to the restroom • Someday I may reproduce Movement Responsiveness Growth Respiration Digestion Absorption Assimilation Excretion Reproduction

5. Environmental Needs • Nutrients for energy • Oxygen for cellular respiration • Water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc… • Heat to maintain 37C body temperature, enzyme action • Pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys

6. HOMEOSTASIS The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment. • All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis. • Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback(system acts to oppose changes) • Example - maintenance of body temperature at 98.6F/37C.

7. 3 Components of homeostatic mechanism:

9. 2. Hypothalamus 3 Components of homeostatic mechanism: 3. Skin blood vessels, Sweat glands, Heart, Lungs. 1. Thermoreceptors

11. Structural Levels of Organization The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element. • Atoms combine with one another to form… Molecules (i.e. CO2, H2O); • Molecules combine with another to form…

12. Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids); • Macromolecules combine to form… • Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome); small organs of a cell, each with a particular function; • Organelles collectively compose… • Cells(i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron);The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things! • Similar cells are arranged into…

13. Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous); • Two or more tissues combine to form… Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain); • Two or more organs combine to form… Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular), The eleven organ systems collectively form the… The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

15. Divisions of the Human Body • Axial PortionAppendicular Portion Head Arms Neck Legs Trunk Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities. (organs within these cavities are referred to as viscera.)

16. 2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the Body • Dorsal CavityVentral Cavity • Subdivided into Subdivided int0 2 parts2 parts Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdomino-pelvic Cavity Separated by diaphragm

18. Body Cavities Figure 1.9a

19. Body Cavities Figure 1.9b

20. Cranial Cavity • Brain • Vertebral Cavity • Spinal Cord • Thoracic Cavity • Lungs • Mediasitum - separates thorax into right and left sides • Heart • Esophagus • Trachea • Thymus gland

21. Abdominopelvic Cavity • Stomach • Liver • Spleen • Gall bladder • Small and large intestines • Rectum/Anus • Urinary bladder • Internal reproductive organs Abdominal Region Pelvic Region

22. 1. 1 Ventral cavity 3. 4. Pleural cavity 2 Vertebral cavity 4. 3 2. Dorsal cavity 5. 5. 6. 7. 6. 9. 10. Ventral cavity 8. 7.

23. Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity Membrane - a soft, thin pliable layer of tissue that either: ·Covers a vital (visceral organ) =Visceral membrane. ·Lines a body cavity = Parietal Membrane. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

24. Cardi = Heart Serous Membranes of the Heart The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. The membrane that lines the cavityin which the heart is located is called the parietal pericardium. The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

25. Serous Membranes

26. Pleur = lung Serous Membranes of the Lungs The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

27. Serous Membranes

28. Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs: The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid

29. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Comparable to parietal peritoneum Comparable to visceral peritoneum Figure 1.10a

30. Serous Membranes

31. Anatomical Terminology Definition - a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication. • Anatomical position- standing erect, face forward, palms forward • It is helpful in as much as they allow medical staff to speak to each other and view images (X-ray or MRI) without having to continuously clarify meanings.

32. Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position 1. Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;  3.Medial = Center; Lateral = side; 4.Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail; 5.Ventral = front; Dorsal = back 6.Proximal = closer to trunk of body or other point of reference; (Elbow proximal to wrist) Distal = farther from trunk of the body or other point of reference (Fingers are distal to the wrist); 7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.

33. Table 1.1 Directional Terms

34. Table 1.1 Directional Terms

36. Pop Quiz… • Label: Lung 11. Heart Diaphragm

37. 12. Draw a picture to show the axial and appendicular portions of the body. Give the correct terms: 13. Membrane that covers the heart 14. The study of the function of the body parts. 15. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

40. Terms Referring to Body Sections (Cuts, Planes) Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal: equal right and left portions. Frontal/Coronal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

42. 1. 2. 2 4. 3.

43. Midsaggital Frontal/Coronal Transverse

44. Abdominal Subdivisions

45. Regions in the abdominopelvic area Right hypocondriac region Epigastric region Left Left hypochondriac region Right Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Left iliac region Right iliac region

46. Right upper quadrant RUQ Left upper quadrant LUQ Right lower Quadrant RLQ Left lower quadrant LLQ

47. Terms referring to surface anatomy (landmarks) Anterior landmarks: a. cranial=skull b. facial=face c. cephalic=head d. cervical=neck e. axillary= armpit f. brachial= upper arm g.antecubital=anterior elbow h.antebrachial= forearm i. carpal=wrist j. metacarpal= hand k. digital=finger l. femoral= thigh m. patellar= knee cap n. crural= leg o. frontal= forehead p. orbital=eye q. otic= ear r. buccal=cheek s. nasal= nose t. oral= mouth u. mental= chin v. mammary=breast w. umbilical=naval x. coxal= hip y. inguinal= groin aa. Pubic= pelvic bb. tarsal=ankle

48. Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks) Posterior land marks a. acromial = shoulder b. cubital = elbow c. gluteal = buttocks d. popliteal = back of knee e. pedal = foot f. plantar = sole g. dorsal = back h. lumbar = loin i. calcaneal = heel

49. 17 18 1 19 20 2 3 21 4 22 5 23 6 7 24 8 25 9 10 26 11 12 13 14 27 15 16 28

50. 29. Otic (Ear) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 41 Calcaneal 43