Glen A. Jones Ontario Research Chair in Postsecondary Education Policy and Measurement

1. Crisis? What Crisis?Canadian Higher Education, Internationalization, and Preparing for the Inevitable Cuts Glen A. Jones Ontario Research Chair in Postsecondary Education Policy and Measurement

2. Key Themes: • The “financial crisis,” Canadian higher education, and international recruitment • Why has there been so little Canadian government interest in internationalization until now? • Current issues

3. The Financial Crisis • The huge decline in stock values in 2008 had an immediate impact on Canadian universities: • Huge devaluation of endowment portfolios and reduced interest income from endowments. • Many universities have defined-benefit pension plans.

4. The Financial Crisis (2) • Loss of jobs in automotive and manufacturing • Governments moved to stimulate economy by investing in infrastructure • Banks had been heavily regulated and were (relatively) stable

5. The Financial Crisis (3) For universities: • Operating grant support was relatively stable • New support for infrastructure • Short-term crisis with endowments, and longer-term concerns with pensions • Situation had stabilized by 2010

6. The Financial Crisis (4) By 2010 attention had shifted to addressing future concerns: • Governments would need to cut budgets to address operating deficits created by stimulus funding • Universities would need to expand non-government revenue sources

7. And … • Demographic shifts in some parts of the country mean that some institutions are concerned with future enrolment • Canada relies on immigration to maintain population (declining birth rates)

8. So … • Federal Government began to introduce some modest changes in 2007/08 budget for internationalization of research • Ontario budget of 2010 called for major increase in international students • Internationalization becomes a modest government priority

9. Internationalization of Higher Education is the process of integrating an international, intercultural and/or global dimension into the purpose, functions (teaching, research and service) and delivery of higher education. J. Knight (2006)

10. Internationalization is … • A process (not a product) • Integrative • Multidimensional and complex • International/comparative/inter-cultural research approaches and initiatives • Student mobility • Faculty mobility • Curriculum (inter-cultural dimensions) • Development and other service initiatives

11. Internationalization and Government Policy

12. Internationalization and Higher Education Policy Prominent role in EU, UK, US, Australia, China, etc. Why have Canada’s federal and provincial governments placed so little emphasis on internationalization of Canadian higher education?

13. Policy Challenges Canadianization movement Canadian federal arrangements Concerns of displacement

14. Canadianization Movement 1967 Canada’s Centennial and Expo “What Culture, What Heritage?” 1970 study by A.B. Hodgetts “The Struggle for Canadian Universities” by R. Mathews and J. Steele, 1969 “To Know Ourselves: Report of the Commission on Canadian Studies” T. Symons, 1975

15. Canadianization Problems identified: Canadian school textbooks did not provide enough content on Canada and were largely published in the United States Many new professors in universities were not from Canada and did not know Canadian history or culture Limited research on Canada Need more Canadian content (journals, music, television, film, art)

16. Canadianization Assumed that Canada was becoming increasingly international and multicultural BUT there was a need for a greater emphasis on Canadian studies Growth of nationalism, concerns of cultural imperialism Linked to national strategies and cultural protectionism of Trudeau era

17. Canadianization Expansion of Canadian graduate programs Increased funding for research in social sciences and humanities Canada-first hiring policies Funding for Canadian publications (journals, books) Development of Canadian studies programs inside Canada, and the Canadian Studies abroad initiative by the Federal Government

18. Canadianization While many countries were focusing on internationalization in the 1970-1985 period, there was a strong “Canadianization” emphasis in Canadian policies

19. Canada’s Federal Arrangements A challenge for the development of internationalization policies: Federal responsibility for foreign affairs and international trade Provincial responsibility for higher education Until quite recently, very little federal emphasis on international initiatives (research, student and faculty mobility) but Canadian Studies Abroad viewed as key program Some provinces have supported mobility programs

20. Concerns of Displacement Until the 1980s, most provinces did not have differential fees for international students While Australia was emphasizing revenue generation, the Canadian policy discussion was on the level of subsidy for international students

21. Concerns of Displacement View that international initiatives mean: That international students will take the place of domestic students That great Canadian students will leave the country through student mobility programs That international research projects will mean less money for increasing domestic capacity That expenditures on scholarships for international students is taking money away from domestic students (Ontario, 2010)

22. So … Until quite recently, Federal government policies have not emphasized internationalization Little support for international research initiatives Most scholarship programs emphasize Canadian students and Canadian universities No special support to internationalize curriculum, facilitate faculty mobility, etc. Internationalization is seldom seen as a domestic policy issue

23. But some signs of change … Modest new federal investments in: International research initiatives Graduate student mobility Some provinces have been running modest programs for some time, and there is now a push to expand international student recruitment in several provinces

24. More signs of change … • Ontario government announcement in 2010 that international student enrolment should increase by 50%. • Three conferences in three months on internationalization and recruitment. • Increasing view of international recruitment/internationalization as a domestic policy issue.

25. Destinations for International Students (Atlas of Student Mobility)

26. Current Issues

27. 1. Internationalization and Students • Complex intersections between “internationalization” and addressing the needs of an increasingly diverse domestic student population • Challenges of categories (today's international student can be tomorrow’s Canadian citizen)

28. 2. Universities Determine Policy • No comprehensive government strategy, so institutions determine strategy and approach • Healthy skepticism of internationization. • Variations in the level of emphasis, support and approach by institution across the country.

29. 3. Disconnected Conversations • New conversation on recruitment (senior administrators and government) seems disconnected from conversations on: • International curricula • International research and development • International student support • Domestic student mobility • Need for more research and a holistic, strategic approach.

30. 4. Government Policy • Internationalization of higher education is an important area of domestic policy. • While important steps have been taken, there is little policy coherence and initiatives are fragmented and uncoordinated. • Universities need government support to build partnerships, international research networks, and further domestic student mobility.

31. Thank you!gjones@oise.utoronto.ca

32. References • Jones, Glen A. and Weinrib, Julian (in press, 2011). Globalization and Higher Education in Canada. In Roger King, Simon Marginson and Rajani Naidoo (Eds.), A Handbook on Globalization and Higher Education. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. • Jones, Glen A., and Oleksiyenko, Anatoly (2011). The Internationalization of Canadian University Research: A Global Higher Education Matrix Analysis of Multi-level Governance. Higher Education, 61(1), 41-57. • Jones, Glen A. (2009). Internationalization and Higher Education Policy in Canada: Three Challenges. In Trilokekar, Roopa Desai, Jones, Glen A. and Shubert, Adrian (Eds.). Canada’s Universities Go Global (pp. 355-369). Toronto: James Lorimer and Company (CAUT Series).