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Chapter Three: Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period

Chapter Three: Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period. Culture and Values, 6 th Ed. Cunningham and Reich. The Classical Ideal. Classical period (479-323 B.C.E. ) Contributions of “pioneers” Search for order and control “Nothing too much” Value of human potential, capability.

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Chapter Three: Classical Greece and the Hellenistic Period

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  1. Chapter Three:Classical Greece and theHellenistic Period Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

  2. The Classical Ideal • Classical period (479-323 B.C.E.) • Contributions of “pioneers” • Search for order and control • “Nothing too much” • Value of human potential, capability

  3. Athens • Exemplar of human achievement • Defeat of Persians (479 B.C.E. ) • Democratic Government • Ecclesia, boule, magistracies • Delian League • Peloponnesian War (431- 404 B.C.E.) • Pericles

  4. Drama Festivals of Dionysus • Theater = religious ritual • 3 Tragedies + Satyr Play • Plots • Actors and props • Function of Chorus • Athenian Tragic Dramatists • Aeschylus • Sophocles • Euripides

  5. [Image 3.5] The ancient theater at Delphi

  6. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E. ) • Optimistic philosophy / themes • Orestia Trilogy (458 B.C.E. ) • Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides • Growth of civilization through reason and order

  7. Sophocles (496-406 B.C.E. ) • Friend of Pericles • Consequences of human error • Most traditionally religious in theme • Antigone, Oedipus the King

  8. Euripides (484-406 B.C.E. ) • Realistic, rational • Social, political, religious injustice • Concern for psychological truth • Suppliant Women, Helen, Iphigenia in Taurus, Bacchae

  9. Aristophanes(450-385B.C.E.) • Athenian comic poet • Political satire + fantasy • The Birds • Lysistrata

  10. The Fall of Athens • Philip of Macedon (359 B.C.E. ) • Macedonian Empire • League of Corinth • Alexander the Great

  11. Philosophyin the Late Classical Period • Socrates • Fate of the individual • Questioning traditional values • The Socratic problem • Xenophon • Apology, Symposium, Memorabilia

  12. Philosophyin the Late Classical Period • Plato • Disciple of Socrates • Apology, Crito, Phaedo • The Academy • Political theory / ideal society • Theory of Forms • Inspired by chaos of 4th c. Greek politics

  13. Philosophyin the Late Classical Period • Aristotle • Pupil of Plato • The Lyceum • Platonist vs. Aristotelian • Metaphysics, Physics, Rhetoric, Poetics • “Master of those who know.”

  14. Musicin the Classical Period • Popularity of instrumental music • Doctrine of Ethos • Plato • Aristotle • Pythagorean principals • Octaves, fourths, tetrachords, modes • Rhythmic instrumentation • Musical notation

  15. Fifth Century B.C.E.:Sculpture and Vase Painting • Naturalism, realism • Myron’s Discus Thrower • New standard of human beauty • Proportion, symmetry, balance • Riace Bronzes • Polykleitos of Argos, The Canon • Focus on individual • Emotional responses • Death and mourning

  16. Fifth Century B.C.E.:Architecture • Temple of Zeus at Olympia • Post-Persian War (470-456 B.C.E.) • Proportion and interrelationships • Divine justice

  17. Fifth CenturyB.C.E.: ArchitectureThe Acropolis • Pericles’ building program • Delian League funds • Phidias (449 B.C.E.) • Parthenon • Proportion, balance • Ideal beauty in realistic terms • Propylaea • Erechtheum • Porch of the Maidens (caryatids)

  18. [Image 3.19] Porch of the Maidens

  19. Fourth Century B.C.E.:The Visual Arts • Realism and emotion • Fate of the individual (Plato) • Praxiteles • Female body = object of beauty • Scopas • Emotion and intensity • Lysippus • Portraiture, scale

  20. The Hellenistic Period • Division of Macedonian Empire • Syria, Egypt, Pergamum, Macedonia • Spread of Greek influence • Artistic freedom vs. Classical order • New patrons = new artistic roles • Altar of Zeus at Pergamum • Laocoön • Return to Classic principles

  21. Chapter Three: Discussion Questions • In what ways can the manifestation of chaos, confusion, and uncertainty be seen in art from the Classical and/or Hellenistic periods? Explain, citing specific examples. • What is the “Classical Ideal”? In what works is this ideal best illustrated? Explain. • Compare the Acropolis with the buildings at Pergamum. How does each entity symbolize the cultural attitudes of its time and locale? Explain. • What role did drama and music play in the lives of the Greeks? How were the two forms interrelated?

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