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Sport and the anti-doping debate

Sport and the anti-doping debate. Doping and deviance Common sense and alternative understandings: testing the arguments Anti-doping policy and disciplinary society and d oping in the sport media A short history of football. 1 2 3 4. Doping and Deviance.

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Sport and the anti-doping debate

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  1. Sport and the anti-doping debate

  2. Doping and deviance Common sense and alternative understandings: testing the arguments Anti-doping policy and disciplinary society and doping in the sport media A short history of football 1 2 3 4
  3. Doping and Deviance Sociology connects criminal activity to the social environment Rules Norms Codes What are the Violation ?
  4. Approaches to Deviance The Chicago School ‘social disorganization’ lack of moral codes created by sudden social change Merton (1957) ‘anomie’ lack of opportunities deviants are victims
  5. Approaches to Deviance Foucault (1977) deviant behaviour defines the norm Young, (1977), Cohen, (1979) “deviant to whom?” , “deviant from what?”
  6. Doping as deviance: is there a problem? An estimated 42,000 steroid users in the UK 44% of professional North American baseball players Ongoing ‘Tour de France’ doping scandals ‘You’d have to be an imbecile or a hypocrite to imagine that a professional cyclist who rides 235 days a year can hold himself together without stimulants.’ Barnes, J. (2000)
  7. “The World Anti-Doping Agency reported that more than 100 potential Olympians were stopped from competing at the Games because of doping, and the International Olympic Committee announced a number of positive tests during the course of the Games. This is good news for clean athletes around the world”
  8. Case study: What is our common sense understanding of doping? “Steroids would have made a gold taste bittersweet - Chambers” The Guardian Monday, October 13 2008 “Dwain Chambers missed out on the Beijing Olympics after his lifetime ban was upheld by the BOA in August.”
  9. Athlete vs. Institution
  10. Doping as unhealthy Doping as cheating Doping as rare Doping as simple
  11. Is there an alternative reading? Doping as part of elite sporting culture? Competitive athletes perceptions: “It is a common secret. I suppose the majority use. Their performances show that.” (Interview No.4) “Of course [my coach knows I’m using]. Who do you think is doing the injections?” (Interview No.14)
  12. Coach involvement “Of course, we are working together. We are both trying to use them properly in order to achieve the best results and avoid health side effects. I would never use something without his guidance.” (Interview No.1) 
  13. Doping as a normalised practice “They (doping tests) are for lying to the people. We are not the real cheaters. Almost everybody is using at a higher level. But trying to present a false image to the society is cheating.” (Interview No.3)
  14. Drugs and the culture of sport Sport cannot be separated from society Coach-athlete relationship Pressures to succeed The Networked Athlete
  15. The paradox of doping Citius, Altius, Fortius Sporting institution wants records but bans means to get them Anti-doping policy => punishment of the (athlete) offender Responsibilities of the institution obscured
  16. Testing the arguments Doping is not fair Doping is unnatural Are sporting bodies natural bodies? Is sport fair?
  17. Anti-Doping Policy In what way does anti-doping policy illustrate Foucault’s ideas about disciplinary society? Surveillance Small, regular punishments Internalising the gaze Docile bodies
  18. WADA Anti-Doping Code Anti-Doping rules Prohibited list Testing Hearing Appeal
  19. World Anti-Doping Agency
  20. WADA- ADAMS ADAMS video Anti-Doping Administration & Management System is a web-based database management system Athlete has a personalised online profile
  21. Individualisation of responsibility Monitoring the athlete Disciplining the athlete
  22. Contradictions of anti-doping policy Two apparent themes: moral argument protection of athletes’ health Safest substance vs most difficult to detect High risks from legitimate substances and techniques Ignores most “at risk” groups such as bodybuilders
  23. Doping and the media What role does the media play in the doping debate? Agenda building
  24. Doping is complex but… Doping policy ignores this complexity and has gained global acceptance as the only reality Why do we accept this simplistic message?
  25. Athens 2004 “Black shadow over the celebration: Night of mystery with Kenderis and Thanou - and doping in the background”
  26. Thebe “The triumph took away the sadness: Unrepeatable ceremony – Tributes from the international mass media”
  27. Doping in the sport media Individualisation Spectacularisation Confusion/suspicion Dramatisation Lack of evidence/explanation Lack of clarity – gaps in knowledge Silences alternative perspectives
  28. Doping Policy and the Media Anti-Doping policy frames a complex phenomenon as simple Punishment oriented Justifies excessive surveillance and control of athletes harsh career-ending penalties Complexities and contradictions are obscured by repeated simplistic media message
  29. Is it time for doping to be permitted in sport?
  30. A short history of football
  31. 1 2 3 4 Understood sociological approaches to doping and deviance Explored and tested the arguments surrounding doping in sport Considered WADA and anti-doping policy in the light of Foucault’s concepts of discipline and surveillance Reflected on the media’s role in shaping the policy agenda for doping
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