PA IN DEVELOPED NATIONS

1. PA IN DEVELOPED NATIONS

2. TOPICS • Quote of the day • Evolution of PA in developed systems • Similar but not equal • Key characteristics of developed vis a vis developing PA systems • Historical growth of government • Paradigms in Public Administration Old PA Paradigm shift: the New Public Administration The New Public Service: A new paradigm?

3. Quote of the day “The important thing for Government is not to do things which individuals are doing already, and to do them a little better or a little worse; but to do those things which at present are not done at all.” John Maynard Keynes: The End of Laissez-Faire (London, 1926) Cited in Oser (1970:394)

4. Evolution of PA in developed systems • According to Jreisat three revolutions (English 1688, American 1776 and French 1785) marked the development of modern political thought which provides the fundamentals of modern social organization. • The liberal state that emerged from these revolutions emphasized the following:

5. SIMILAR BUT NOT EQUAL

6. Developed vis a vis developing PA systems

7. Historical growth of government • There exist three inflexion points in the historical growth of government • The great depression ended the laissez-faire dream and opened the door to government intervention often known as the Keynesian model. • The postwar years (1945-1970) of the welfare state expanded government action from macroeconomic management towards redistribution . The Old Public Administration. • The raise of neoconservative governments (Reagan & Thatcher) and the New Public Administration philosophy.

8. USA Government Expenditures (Billions) Source: Holcombe:1996

9. USA Gov. Expenditures as % of GDP Reagan Years Great Depression WWII Ends Source: Holcombe:1996

10. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS Source: Savas 2000:20 * INEGI

11. http://www.mof.go.jp/english/budget/pamphlet/cjfc_m.htm

14. Federal Employment Per 1000 Source: OECD Public Management Service

15. Source: OECD for employment and expenditures Corruption index 1 most corrupt 10 least corrupt: Source The Economist

16. Paradigms in PA • It guides research on problems and solutions • A paradigm governs in the first instance, not a subject matter, but a group of practitioners • A paradigm commits the group of practitioners to a disciplinary matrix (methods, language, questions, values, etc.) • There will be “paradigm shifts” or “paradigm competition” but never a lack of paradigm (s) unless the field becomes simply speculative and unscientific. To reject a paradigm without substitution is to reject science itself • PA revolves around three main paradigms: Old PA, New PA, and New Public Service

17. Paradigm Competition Source: Denhardt & Denhardt (2003: 28-29)

24. (Knowledge Management) Notes: Group 1: Countries whose scores on the average of the two indicators are significantly above the average of OECD member countries: x>(average*std*(2^(-1/2)))Group 2: Countries whose scores on the average of the two indicators are not significantly different from the OECD average. (average+std*(2^(-1/2)))>x>(average-std*(2^(-1/2)))Group 3: Countries whose scores on the average of the two indicators are significantly above the OECD average: (average-std*(2^(-1/2)))>x